Table 3.
Characteristics of studies conducted using Maslach Burnout Inventories and its types for burnout measurement (n=28).
| Research/study year/country | Study title | Study design/ sample size/ RR |
Specialty tested | Overall mean, %/Burnout type: Emotional exhaustion (EE), Depersonalization (DP), Personal achievement (PA) | Important finding and outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Soler et al/2008/Bulgaria, Croatia, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Poland, etc [39] | Burnout in European family doctor | CSS N=1393/ RR=41% |
Family Doctors | 12% EE=43% DP=35% PA=32% |
SD ↔ Gender ↑ Males NSD ↔ Country |
| Zantinge et al/2009/Netherlands [40] | Does burnout among doctors affect their involvement in patients’ mental health problems? | POS video-recorded and questionnaire N=142/ RR=89% |
General Practitioners | NM EE=7% DP=11% PA=22% |
SD ↔ Academic level NSD ↔ Gender, Age |
| Prins et al/2010/Netherlands [41] | Burnout and engagement among resident doctors in the Netherlands: A national study | DCSS N=5140/ RR=41% |
Medical Residents | 21% EE =30% DP=38% PA=14% |
SD ↔ Gender ↑ Females NSD ↔ Years in training |
| Blanchard et al/2010/France [42] | Prevalence and causes of burnout amongst oncology residents | DCSS N=340/ RR=60% |
Oncology Residents | 44% EE=26% DP=35% PA ----- |
SD ↔ Gender, ↑ Females ↑ Married NSD ↔ Specialty |
| Galan et al/2011/Spain [43] | Burnout risk in medical students in Spain using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey. International archives of occupational and environmental health | CSS N=270/ RR=NM |
Medical Students | 25.6% 37.5% for 3rd years 14.8% for 6th years |
SD ↔ 3rd and 6th years NSD ↔ Gender |
| Ruitenburg et al/2012/Netherlands [44] | The prevalence of common mental disorders among hospital physicians and their association with self-reported work ability | CSS N=422/ RR=51% |
Physicians in Medical Center | 6% | SD ↔ Gender ↑ Females NSD ↔ Age |
| Siu et al/2012/Hong Kong [45] | Burnout among public doctors in Hong Kong | CSS N=226/ RR=23% |
Public Hospital Doctors | 31.4% | SD ↔ ↑ Working shifts = ↑ burnout |
| Cecil et al/2014/United Kingdom [46] | Behaviour and burnout in medical students | CSS N=356/ RR=NM |
Medical Students | 26.5% EE=55% DP=34% PA =47% |
SD ↔ Different levels NSD ↔ Gender |
| Takayesu et al/2014/United State [47] | Factors associated with burnout during emergency medicine residency | DCSS N=289/ RR=75% |
Emergency Medicine Residents | 65% EE=33% DP=59% PA =14% |
SD ↔ Gender, ↑ Males |
| Kushnir et al/2014/Israel [48] | Is burnout associated with referral rates among primary care physicians in community clinics? | CSOS N=136/ RR=99% |
General Practitioners/Primary care | 56% EE=44.5% DP=36% PA=31.6% |
SD ↔ Workload (↑ workload = ↑ burnout) |
| Yuguero Torres et al/2015/Spain [49] | Association between sick leave prescribing practices and physician burnout and empathy | POS (1 year) N=5140/ RR=41% |
General Practitioners | 2.3% EE=20.9%% DP=16.3%% PA=74.4%% |
SD ↔ Empathy (↑ Empathy = ↑ burnout) NSD ↔ Gender |
| Garrouste-Orgeaset al/2015/France [50] | The Iatroref study: Medical errors are associated with symptoms of depression in ICU staff but not burnout or safety culture | POS (2 years) N=1988/ RR=77% |
Intensive Care Unit/Doctors | 2.5% EE=10.6% DP=24.5% PA=31.5% |
NM |
| Intensive Care Unit/Nurses & Care Workers | 3.7% EE=13.4% DP=15.8% PA=31.6% |
||||
| Albalawi et al/2015/Saudi Arabia [51] | The assessment of the burnout syndrome among medical students in Tabuk University, a cross-sectional analytic study | CSAS N=140/ RR=79% |
Medical Students | 48.6% | NSD ↔ Gender |
| Aldrees et al/2015/Saudi Arabia [52] | Burnout among otolaryngology residents in Saudi Arabia | DCSS N=123/ RR=69% |
Otolaryngology Residents | 33% EE=62% DP=55% PA=17% |
NSD ↔ Burnout types |
| Kwah et al/2016/United State [53] | The effect of burnout on medical errors and professionalism in first-year internal medicine residents | POS (1 year) N=54/ RR=98% |
1st year Internal Medicine Residents | 89.2% | NM |
| Kealy et al/2016/Canada [54] | Burnout among Canadian psychiatry residents: A national survey | DCSS N=400/ RR=48% |
Psychiatry Residents | 21% | SD ↔ Training Years (↑ Years = ↑ burnout) |
| Elmore et al/2016/United State [55] | National survey of burnout among US general surgery residents | DCSS N=753/ RR=88% |
General Surgery Residents | 69% EE=57% DP=50% PA=16% |
SD ↔ Gender, ↑ working hours = ↑ burnout |
| Fares et al/2016/Lebanon [56] | Extracurricular activities associated with stress and burnout in preclinical medical students | CSS N=165/ RR=NM |
Preclinical Medical Students | 75.2% | SD ↔ Gender ↑ Females |
| Popa-Velea et al/2017/Romania [57] | Burnout and Its relationships with alexithymia, stress, and scial support among Romanian medical students | CSS N=299/ RR=75% |
Medical Students | 15.1% | SD ↔ Gender ↑ Females |
| Almalki et al/2017/Saudi Arabia [58] | Burnout and its association with extracurricular activities among medical students in Saudi Arabia | CSS N=306/ RR=81% |
Medical Students | 67.1% | NSD ↔ Academic level |
| Baer et al/2017/United State [59] | Pediatric resident burnout and attitudes toward patients | DCSS N=258/ RR=53% |
Pediatric Residents | 39.1% | NSD ↔ Gender |
| Shakir et al/2017/United State [60] | The Prevalence of burnout among US neurosurgery residents | DCSS N=1200/ RR=21% |
Neuro-surgery Residents | 36.5% | NSD ↔ Gender, postgraduate level |
| Van Vendeloo et al/2018/Belgium [61] | Resident burnout: Evaluating the role of the learning environment | DCSS N=263/ RR=35% |
Residents in University Hospital | 41.5% | NM |
| Jamjoom et al/2018/Saudi Arabia [62] | Assessment of pediatric residents burnout in a tertiary academic centre | DCSS N=50/ RR=91% |
Pediatric Residents at King Abdulazaiz University Hospital | 70% EE=43% DP=71.8% PA=40.6% |
NSD ↔ Gender |
| Al-Alawi et al/2019/Oman [63] | Prevalence and determinants of burnout syndrome and depression among medical students at Sultan Qaboos University: A cross-sectional analytical study from Oman | CSAS N=662/RR=98% |
Medical Students | 7.4% | SD ↔ Academic level (↑ Preclinical students) NSD ↔ Gender |
| Asali et al/2021/Saudi Arabia [64] | Prevalence of burnout and practice-related risk factors among dentists in Saudi Arabia | CSOS N=215/ RR=100% |
Dentists | 33.4% | SD ↔ Dental specialty (↑ Prosthodontists & Endodontists), Working hours (↑ Working hours = ↑ burnout) NSD ↔ Gender |
| Alqurashi et al/2022/Saudi Arabia [65] | Prevalence and risk factors of burnout among medical students during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic online teaching: Cross-section | CSOS N=568/ RR=100% |
Medical Students | 39.4% | NSD ↔ Study and training years |
| AlShahrani et al/2022/Saudi Arabia [66] | Psychometric properties and validation of the Arabic Maslach burnout inventory-student survey in Saudi dental students | CSAS N=480/ RR=90% |
Dental Students | NM EE=32.3% DP ------ PA ----- |
SD ↔ ↑ workload = ↑ burnout NSD ↔ Gender |
CSs – cross-sectional survey or study; DCSS – descriptive cross-sectional study; DCSS – data collection social surveys; CSOS – cross sectional observational study; CSAS – cross sectional analytic study; POS – prospective observational study; DCSS – descriptive cross-sectional study; CSOS – cross – sectional online survey; CSOS– cross sectional observational study; OPCS – observational prospective cohort study; OV-R CQ – observation of video-recorded consultations and questionnaire; SD – significant differences; NSD – nonsignificant differences; ↔ – between; ↑ – increased or higher; ↓ – resulted; NM – not mentioned.