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. 2022 Dec 24;9(1):465. doi: 10.1057/s41599-022-01403-1

Table 3.

Frequencies of self-references, attitude markers, boosters, and hedges per 1000 words over the study period.

TFs Self-references Attitude markers Boosters Hedges
Mean Standard deviation Mean Standard deviation Mean Standard deviation Mean Standard deviation
1 7.09 4.12 12.92 10.12 13.36 6.31 25.46 8.11
2 7.27 3.2 10.5 6.68 10.12 4.46 22.69 7.88
3 7.24 3.02 10.21 5.26 13.69 5.14 25.81 7.38
4 3.83 1.36 6.00 3.19 15.72 4.02 33.64 6.23
5 1.20 0.95 8.18 3.95 16.48 4.79 32.97 5.15
All data 5.52 3.64 9.60 6.42 13.82 5.34 27.85 8.12

Supplementary Information 4 provides a complete list of markers, alongside frequencies.