Table 2.

Evaluation metrics between state-of-the-art models and the proposed models on the ISIC 2018 dataset. The best performance is denoted in bold font for each of the performance metrics.

Model	Year	Acc ± St. Dev.	Dice ± St. Dev.	JAC ± St. Dev.
U-Net	2015	0.9437	0.8585	0.7521
Attention U-Net	2018	0.9438	0.8553	0.7472
TransUNet	2021	0.9026	0.7283	0.5727
Residual U-Net	2017	0.9408	0.8586	0.7522
Recurrent U-Net	2018	0.9471	0.8686	0.7677
R2U-Net	2018	0.9453	0.8661	0.7638
Fractal U-Net	2021	0.9424	0.8531	0.7438
Efficient fractal U-Net	2021	0.9499 ± 0.0008	0.8749 ± 0.0012	0.7776 ± 0.0018
Efficient dense U-Net	2021	0.9507 ± 0.0034	0.8808 ± 0.0064	0.7870 ± 0.0103
Efficient R2U-Net	2021	0.9474 ± 0.0013	0.8743 ± 0.0018	0.7767 ± 0.0029