Table 4.

Factors Associated with Chewing Difficulty

	Chewing Difficulty (Univariate Analysis)			Chewing Difficulty (Multivariate Analysis)*
	OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value
Age (1 year higher)	1.05	(1.03–1.07)	<0.001	1.01	(0.99–1.03)	0.168
Smoking	1.64	(1.25–2.14)	<0.001	1.36	(0.96–1.91)	0.080
Hypertension	1.22	(1.01–1.47)	0.039	0.99	(0.80–1.23)	0.945
Diabetes	1.31	(1.08–1.60)	0.007	1.01	(0.81–1.26)	0.946
Stroke	2.31	(1.64–3.25)	<0.001	1.48	(0.99–2.20)	0.056
Number of teeth	0.96	(0.95–0.98)	<0.001	0.97	(0.96–0.99)	0.001
Periodontal disease	1.30	(1.08–1.56)	0.005	1.29	(1.07–1.56)	0.009
Number of carious teeth	1.09	(1.03–1.16)	0.006	1.07	(0.99–1.15)	0.076
Frailty index (0.1 higher)	1.68	(1.53–1.84)	<0.001	1.57	(1.42–1.75)	<0.001

Notes: Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with chewing difficulty. Values in bold indicate statistical significance. *All variables in the univariate analysis were entered in this multivariate analysis.

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.