TABLE 3.
Summary of key research findings for depression
| Study (author, year) | Mediation/moderation results |
|---|---|
| Fitzgerald and Gallus (2020) | Significant indirect effect of child maltreatment on depression via emotional support from family and romantic partners but not friends. |
| Hayward et al. (2020) | Significant indirect effect of child adversity through self‐concept clarity on depression. Both self‐concept clarity and intolerance of uncertainty mediated the link between child adversity and mental health outcomes. |
| van Assche et al. (2020) | Significant indirect effect of emotional neglect on depression through attachment anxiety. No direct effect found between emotional neglect and depression. |
| Kogan et al. (2021) | ACEs predicted young adult contextual stress which in turn forecast increases in defensive/hostile schemas. Defensive/hostile schemas predicted increases in social developmental risk factors which were a proximal antecedent of depressive symptomatology and substance abuse no direct effect of ACEs on relational schemas reported. ACEs affect mental health outcomes indirectly through contextual contemporary factors. |
| Nowalis et al. (2020) | Anxious attachment to primary caregiver significantly moderated the child maltreatment–depression relationship. No significant effect identified for avoidant attachment to primary caregiver and for anxious or avoidant attachment to secondary caregiver. |
| Song et al. (2020) | Indirect effect of child maltreatment on depression though problem solving, self‐blame, help‐seeking, problem avoidance and rationalization. |
| Wang et al. (2020) | Significant indirect effect of childhood trauma on later depression through neuroticism. Indirect effect of low resilience on the relationship between childhood trauma and neuroticism. |
| Watt et al. (2020) | Indirect effect of ACES (4 or >4) on depression through perceived social support. |
| Berman et al. (2019) | Significant indirect effect of child maltreatment (abuse and neglect subscales) and household dysfunction on depressive symptomology via negative core beliefs |
| Cantave et al. (2019) | Significant indirect effect of maltreatment on depression via emotion‐oriented coping strategies. No indirect effect found for task‐oriented and avoidance‐oriented coping strategies. Avoidance‐oriented and emotion‐oriented coping strategies did not moderate the maltreatment–depression relationship. Task‐oriented coping strategies moderated the maltreatment‐depressive symptoms association. |
| Gomes Jardim et al. (2019) | Significant indirect effect of childhood maltreatment on depression via neuroticism and extraversion. Total mediation effect. Non‐significant effect of openness. Significant indirect effect of early adversity on depression via agreeableness and conscientiousness. Partial mediation effect. |
| Klumparendt et al. (2019) | Significant total indirect effect of childhood maltreatment on depression through mediators & not significant direct effect of childhood maltreatment on depression in total model. Total mediation. Emotion regulation, depressogenic attributional style and post‐traumatic symptom severity mediated the relationship between childhood maltreatment and depression. Emotion regulation: Strongest indirect effect of limited access to emotion regulation strategies and lack of emotional clarity. Significant indirect effect through post‐traumatic symptoms. Significant indirect effect through depressogenic attribution style. No indirect for attachment anxiety or avoidance |
| Makriyianis et al. (2019) | Significant indirect effect of ACEs on depression via inflexibility. |
| Mishra and Marceau (2020) | The effect of sexual abuse on depression partially explained by perceived stress levels in middle life. The effect of physical and emotional maltreatment on depression fully mediated by both perceived stress and cortisol. |
| Wong et al. (2019) | Significant indirect effect of ACEs on depression through self‐concept clarity and perceived stress. |
| Ross et al. (2019) | Significant indirect effect of emotional abuse on depression through self‐compassion and shame. |
| Corcoran and McNulty (2018) | Significant indirect effect of childhood adversity on depression through attachment anxiety general, attachment anxiety friend and attachment avoidance mother. |
| Gong and Chan (2018) | Significant indirect effect of physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse on depression through early maladaptive schemas. |
| Kaloeti et al. (2019) | Resilience did not mediate the ACEs–depression relationship. |
| Kim et al. (2017) | Significant direct and indirect effect of childhood maltreatment on mood through rumination. |
| McCormick et al. (2017) | Significant indirect effect of ACEs on depressive symptoms through the meaning struggles. |
| Crow et al. (2014); | Significant indirect effect of childhood emotional abuse on depression through emotion dysregulation. Emotional abuse stronger predictor of adult depression. |
| McQuaid et al. (2015) | Iindirect effect of childhood trauma on depression through perceived discrimination. Partial mediation. Significant direct effect of childhood trauma on depression. Moderated mediation analyses showed that the intervening role of discrimination was stronger when levels of outgroup unsupport were higher. Ingroup unspport did not moderate the mediated relationship. Multiple mediation analyses: Emotion focused coping mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and depression. The path between emotion‐focused coping and depression was moderated by both ingroup and outgroup unsupport. |
| Wells et al. (2014) | Significant mediational effect of child abuse on baseline depression scores through dysfunctional attitudes. Dysfunctional attitudes mediated the association of emotional maltreatment and depression. No significant effect was found for physical maltreatment |