Table 2.

Comparison of TTM processes of change and most effective PEB facilitative interventions and treatments

TTM processes of change	Ten most effective PEB interventions and treatments
Recognizing: increasing awareness via information, education, and personal feedback about a problem behavior and potential solution	Justifications/Instructions: reasons for performing a specific behavior (also called declarative information or why‐to information)
Reacting: experiencing negative and positive emotions regarding the behavior/change; feeling emotional arousal (such as anxiety) about failure to change or status quo, or feeling inspiration and hope about successful change
Re‐evaluating (other): assessing impact on others of your behavior and possible change	Justifications: reasons for performing a specific behavior (also called declarative information or why‐to information)
Re‐evaluating (self): realizing that the behavioral change is important to personal identity, happiness, success, and/or values	Cognitive dissonance: accessing pre‐existing beliefs or attitudes in attempt to make participants behave in ways that were consistent with those beliefs to reduce the dissonance
Recognizing: empowering individuals to engage in the change behavior by providing choices and resources; societal support for behavior; realizing that social norms are changing to support the new behavior	Social modeling/making it easy: passing of information via demonstration or discussion in which the initiators indicate that they personally engage in the behavior; changing situational conditions, involved making behaviors easier to do
Committing: making a firm commitment to change; believing in one's ability to change and making commitments and recommitments to act on that belief	Goal setting/commitment: aim for a predetermined goal; make some sort of verbal or written commitment to engage in a behavior
Reaching out: seeking and using social support to make and sustain change; interacting with people who are supportive of the change
Replacing: substituting new ways of acting/thinking for old behaviors	Making it easy: changing situational conditions, involved making behaviors easier to do
Rewarding: increasing rewards for new behaviors; decreasing rewards for old behaviors	Rewards: any kind of monetary gain that people received as a result of participating in the experiment
Restructuring: removing reminders and cues to engage in the old behaviors; introducing reminders and cues to engage in the new behaviors	Prompts: noninformational reminders to perform the next specific action; Feedback: information about the extent to which a behavior has been performed in an earlier time frame