TABLE 3.
Predictors of public health risks in live bird markets in Busia county, Kenya, 2018 (n = 114)
| Variable | Total | Risk status | Bivariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | High, n (%) | Low, n (%) | POR | 95% CI | p | aPOR | 95% CI | p | |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 98 | 61 (62.2) | 37 (37.8) | 0.55 | 0.12–2 | .481a | 0.6 | 0.15–3.19 | .642 |
| Female | 16 | 12 (75) | 4 (25) | Ref | |||||
| LPT category | |||||||||
| Seller | 76 | 53 (69.7) | 23 (30.3) | 2.07 | 0.93–4.63 | .073 | 0.71 | 0.22–2.26 | .557 |
| Middlemen | 38 | 20 (52.6) | 18 (47.4) | Ref | |||||
| LBM frequency | |||||||||
| Weekly market day | 89 | 54 (60.7) | 35 (39.3) | 0.47 | 0.14–1.44 | .237a | 0.36 | 0.11–1.21 | .09 |
| Daily | 25 | 19 (76) | 6 (24.0) | Ref | |||||
| Kept records | |||||||||
| Yes | 40 | 25 (62.5) | 15 (32.5) | 0.9 | 0.41–2.01 | .802 | 0.68 | 0.26–1.80 | .441 |
| No | 74 | 48 (64.9) | 26 (35.1) | Ref | |||||
| Provided water | |||||||||
| Yes | 97 | 62 (63.9) | 35 (36.1) | 0.97 | 0.27–3.15 | 1a | |||
| No | 17 | 11 (64.7) | 6 (35.3) | ||||||
| Provided feeding | |||||||||
| Yes | 99 | 65 (65.7) | 34 (34.3) | 1.67 | 0.47–5.77 | .394 | 1.38 | 0.22–8.81 | .735 |
| No | 15 | 8 (53.3) | 7 (46.7) | Ref | |||||
| Member of association (n = 105) | |||||||||
| No | 19 | 14 (73.7) | 5 (26.3) | 1.5 | 0.45–5.82 | .595 | 6.2 | 0.93–41.16 | .055 |
| Yes | 86 | 56 (65.1) | 30 (34.9) | Ref | |||||
| Health inspection | |||||||||
| No | 76 | 52 (71.2) | 24 (31.6) | 1.75 | 0.79–3.91 | .167 | |||
| Yes | 38 | 21 (55.1) | 17 (44.8) | Ref | |||||
| Species separation | |||||||||
| Yes | 70 | 45 (64.3) | 25 (35.7) | 1.02 | 0.47–2.26 | .944 | 0.6 | 0.2–1.62 | .315 |
| No | 44 | 28 (63.6) | 16 (36.4) | Ref | |||||
| Accumulation of litter (n = 107) | |||||||||
| Yes | 72 | 50 (69.4) | 22 (30.6) | 1.52 | 0.65–3.52 | .332 | 19.7 | 3.01–128.52 | .002 |
| No | 35 | 21 (60) | 14 (40) | Ref | |||||
| Onsite slaughter | |||||||||
| Yes | 48 | 32 (66.7) | 16 (33.3) | 1.22 | 0.56–2.66 | .618 | 1.7 | 0.53–5.41 | .371 |
| No | 66 | 41 (62.1) | 25 (37.9) | Ref | |||||
| Handwashing access | |||||||||
| Yes | 39 | 20 (51.3) | 19 (48.7) | 0.44 | 0.20–0.97 | .041 | 0.32 | 0.13–0.78 | .001 |
| No | 75 | 53 (70.6) | 22 (29.3) | Ref | |||||
| Campylobacter status (n = 70) | |||||||||
| Positive | 36 | 22 (61.1) | 14 (38.9) | 0.97 | 0.37–2.55 | .955 | 0.52 | 0.16–1.64 | .264 |
| Negative | 34 | 21 (61.8) | 13 (38.2) | Ref | |||||
| Fate of sick birds | |||||||||
| Quick sale | 38 | 20 (52.6) | 18 (47.4) | 0.74 | 0.26–2.06 | .564 | |||
| Self‐medicate | 22 | 16 (72.7) | 6 (27.3) | 1.78 | 0.44–7.47 | .542a | |||
| Slaughter for self | 24 | 15 (62.5) | 9 (37.5) | 1.11 | 0.35–3.51 | .857 | |||
| Kill for disposal | 14 | 12 (85.7) | 2 (14.3) | 4.67 | 0.76–49.43 | .191a | 1.74 | 0.12–24.73 | .684 |
| Segregate | 25 | 15 (60) | 10 (40) | Ref | |||||
| Fate of dead birds | |||||||||
| Consume oneself | 7 | 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | 0.53 | 0.06–3.7 | .721a | 1.09 | 0.06–18.8 | .95 |
| Throw to municipal waste | 15 | 10 (66.7) | 5 (33.3) | 1.4 | 0.34–6.38 | .841a | |||
| Thrown into open pit | 58 | 39 (67.2) | 19 (32.8) | 1.44 | 0.6–3.45 | .416 | |||
| Bury | 34 | 20 (58.8) | 14 (41.2) | Ref | |||||
| Information sources | |||||||||
| Livestock professionals | 35 | 17 (46.6) | 18 (51.4) | 0.37 | 0.12–1.2 | .163 | 0.24 | 0.09–0.61 | .004 |
| Radio | 21 | 12 (51.1) | 9 (42.9) | 0.53 | 0.15–1.92 | .519 | 0.66 | 0.16–2.58 | .551 |
| Fellow traders | 52 | 34 (65.4) | 18 (34.6) | 0.76 | 0.25–2.28 | .824 | 0.73 | 0.22–2.34 | .59 |
| School curriculum | 5 | 4 (80) | 1 (20) | 1.6 | 0.12–91.7 | 1a | |||
| Workshop/seminars | 26 | 13 (50) | 13 (50) | 0.4 | 0.11–1.35 | .234 | 0.75 | 0.18–3.13 | .698 |
| Friends and family | 21 | 15 (71.4) | 6 (28.6) | Ref | |||||
Note: Final – 2* likelihood = 127.93, Cases included = 114, Likelihood ratio = 49.49, p < .001.
Abbreviations: aPOR, adjusted prevalence odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; LBM, live bird markets; LPT, live poultry traders; POR, prevalence odds ratio; Ref, reference group.
aFisher's exact values.