Table 3.
Unstandardized estimates of change in loneliness over time for adolescents with or without NDDs
| Isolation | Positive attitudes | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non‐NDD | NDD | Non‐NDD | NDD | |||||||||
| Estimate | p | d | Estimate | p | d | Estimate | p | d | Estimate | p | d | |
| Time | ||||||||||||
| Pre‐COVID | (ref) | – | – | (ref) | – | (ref) | – | (ref) | – | |||
| Schools Closed | 1.15 | .005 | .21 | 0.09 | .830 | .01 | 0.325 | .487 | .12 | 0.53 | .190 | .12 |
| Schools Reopened | 0.38 | .257 | .07 | −0.60 | .133 | .14 | 0.901 | .019 | .15 | 0.47 | .205 | .15 |
| Quality Friendships | Negative Attitudes | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non‐NDD | NDD | Non‐NDD | NDD | |||||||||
| Estimate | p | d | Estimate | p | d | Estimate | p | d | Estimate | p | d | |
| Time | ||||||||||||
| Pre‐COVID | (ref) | – | (ref) | – | (ref) | – | (ref) | – | ||||
| Schools Closed | 0.004 | .993 | .04 | 0.004 | .993 | .04 | 0.585 | .179 | .16 | −0.46 | .311 | .09 |
| Schools Reopened | 0.02 | .966 | .01 | 0.32 | .471 | .06 | 0.105 | .768 | .03 | −0.70 | .101 | .12 |
d = Cohen’s d comparing magnitude of change at schools closed and schools reopened compared to pre‐COVID. Boldfaced p‐values indicate statistically significant associations when accounting for multiple testing.