TABLE 2.
Weighted associations between periodontitis a and cognitive functions
| Weighted β coefficient (SE) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Age‐, sex‐, and race‐ or ethnicity‐adjusted | Fully adjusted b | |
| CERAD immediate recall c | |||
| Stage I/II | 0 [Reference] | 0 [Reference] | 0 [Reference] |
| Stage III | −0.449 (0.024) | −0.294 (0.022) | −0.229 (0.023) |
| Stage IV | −0.766 (0.029) | −0.617 (0.028) | −0.331 (0.036) |
| CERAD delayed recall c | |||
| Stage I/II | 0 [Reference] | 0 [Reference] | 0 [Reference] |
| Stage III | −0.484 (0.024) | −0.334 (0.023) | −0.269 (0.023) |
| Stage IV | −0.737 (0.030) | −0.606 (0.028) | −0.355 (0.038) |
| Animal fluency test c | |||
| Stage I/II | 0 [Reference] | 0 [Reference] | 0 [Reference] |
| Stage III | −0.232 (0.026) | −0.118 (0.025) | −0.080 (0.025) |
| Stage IV | −0.601 (0.032) | −0.450 (0.031) | 0.041 (0.039) |
| Digit symbol substitution test c | |||
| Stage I/II | 0 [Reference] | 0 [Reference] | 0 [Reference] |
| Stage III | −0.420 (0.023) | −0.223 (0.020) | −0.139 (0.019) |
| Stage IV | −0.845 (0.028) | −0.615 (0.025) | −0.144 (0.031) |
Periodontitis was defined by the 2018 World Workshop Classification System.
Adjusted for age, sex, race or ethnicity, education, income, health behaviors (smoking habit, alcohol consumption, and dental visit), white blood cell count, number of lost teeth, and health conditions (abdominal adiposity, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, dysglycemia, cardiovascular disease, and cancer).
CERAD immediate recall is a test of immediate verbal memory; CERAD delayed recall is a test of delayed verbal memory; animal fluency test is a test of verbal fluency; and digit symbol substitution test is a test of processing speed. Then, these continuous scores of cognitive tests were transformed to z‐score as outcome variables in the linear regression model.
Bold indicates P value <0.05.
CERAD, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease; SE, standard error.