. 2022 May 12;56(9):5650–5713. doi: 10.1111/ejn.15656

TABLE 3.

Summary of results

Study	CSF marker	Population (N)	Cognitive assessment and direction of relationship (‐positive relationship, ‐ negative, * non‐significant; non‐adjusted results reported where available)
Abu‐Rumeileh et al. (2018)	NfL	AD (60)	MMSE
		FTD (141)	BMDB
			FAB
			MMSE	*
Agnello et al. (2020)	Ng	AD (29)	MMSE
	Alpha‐synuclein	AD (29)	MMSE	*
Alcolea et al. (2017)	NfL	FTD (249)	MMSE
Aschenbrenner et al. (2020)	NfL	CU Aβ + (94) CU Aβ‐ (161)	Global cognition composite	*
			Episodic memory composite
			Attention composite	*
Bartos et al. (2011)	NfL	AD (25)	MMSE (derived from ACE‐CZ)	*
			ACE‐CZ	*
		PSP, FTD, CJD, CBS, WE (13)	MMSE (derived from ACE‐CZ)	*
			ACE‐CZ	*
Begcevic et al. (2018)	NPTX1	Cohort 1 (58): MCI (8) Mild AD (11) Moderate AD (24) Severe AD (15)	MMSE	*
		Cohort 2 (43): MCI (6) Mild AD (8) Moderate AD (16) Severe AD (15)	MMSE	*
	NPTXR	Cohort 1 (58): MCI (8) Mild AD (11) Moderate AD (24) Severe AD (15)	MMSE	*
		Cohort 2 (43): MCI (6) Mild AD (8) Moderate AD (16) Severe AD (15)	MMSE	*
Bendlin et al. (2012)	NfL	CU with family history of AD (43)	BVMT	*
			COWAT	*
			TMT‐A	*
			TMT‐B	*
			WAIS‐working memory index	*
			AVLT	*
Bjerke et al. (2009)	NfL	MCI‐SVD (9) MCI‐MD (15) MCI‐MCI (118) MCI‐AD (20) CU (52)	MMSE	*
Boiten et al. (2021)	NPTX2	AD (20)	Global composite	*
			Memory composite	*
			Attention composite	*
			Executive function composite	*
			Language composite	*
			Visuospatial composite	*
			MMSE	*
		DLB (48)	Global composite
			Memory composite	*
			Attention composite
			Executive function composite	*
			Language composite	*
			Visuospatial composite	*
			MMSE	*
Bos et al. (2019)	NfL	Total Aβ + (465)	MMSE
		Total Aβ‐ (305)		*
		AD (180)
		MCI (450)		*
		CU (140)		*
	Ng	Total Aβ + (465) Total Aβ‐ (305)	MMSE	*
		AD (180)
		MCI (450)		*
		CU (140)		*
Brinkmalm et al. (2014)	SNAP‐25	AD (36)	MMSE
		CU (33)	MMSE	*
Bruno et al. (2020)	Alpha‐Synuclein	CU (19)	BSRT	*
	Ng	CU (19)	BSRT	*
Casaletto et al. (2017)	Ng	CU with family history of dementia (132)	AVLT
			WAIS‐III symbol digit coding
			BNT	*
			WAIS‐III DSF	*
			WAIS‐III DSB	*
Chatterjee, Del Campo, et al. (2018)	Contactin‐2	Total sample (154)	MMSE
		AD (106)	MMSE	*
		CU (48)	MMSE	*
De Vos et al. (2016)	Ng	AD (50)	MMSE	*
		MCI (38)	MMSE	*
De de Jong et al. (2007)	NfL	EAD (37)	MMSE	*
		AD (33)	MMSE	*
		DLB (18)	MMSE	*
		FTD (28)	MMSE	*
Delaby et al. (2020)	NfL	CU (118)	MMSE
		AD (116)	MMSE
		FTD (56)	MMSE
		DLB (37)	MMSE	*
		pDLB (26)	MMSE
		PSP (12)	MMSE	*
		CBS (26)	MMSE	*
Dhiman et al. (2020)	NfL	Total sample (221) AD (28) MCI (34) CU (159)	MMSE
Galasko et al. (2019)	Ng	Total AD, MCI, CU (193)	CVLT immediate recall CVLT delayed recall
		Aβ/tau+	CVLT immediate recall CVLT delayed recall
		Aβ/tau‐	CVLT immediate recall CVLT delayed recall
	NPTX2	Total AD, MCI, CU (193)	CVLT immediate recall CVLT delayed recall
		Aβ/tau+	CVLT immediate recall CVLT delayed recall
		Aβ/tau‐	CVLT immediate recall CVLT delayed recall	*
	SNAP‐25	Total AD, MCI, CU (193)	CVLT immediate recall CVLT delayed recall	*
		Aβ/tau+	CVLT immediate recall CVLT delayed recall	*
		Aβ/tau‐	CVLT immediate recall CVLT delayed recall	* *
Gifford et al. (2018)	NfL	Early MCI (9) MCI (37) CU (65)	PVLT List Total learning	*
			Short delay free recall	*
			Short delay cued recall	*
			Long delay free recall	*
			Long delay cued recall
			Discrimination	*
		CU (65)	PVLT List Total learning
			Short delay free recall
			Short delay cued recall
			Long delay free recall
			Long delay cued recall
			Discrimination
Headley et al. (2018)	Ng	MCI (193)	Memory composite
			Executive function composite
		CU (111)	Memory composite	*
			Executive function composite	*
		Total (304)	MMSE
			ADAS‐cog
			ADAS‐Cog13
			Memory composite
			Executive function composite	*
Hellwig et al. (2015)	Ng	AD + MCI‐AD (53)	MMSE	*
		Non‐AD dementia + MCI‐o (43)	MMSE	*
Hoglund et al. (2017)	NfL	CU Aβ‐ (43)	MMSE	*
		CU Aβ + (86)	MMSE	*
	Ng	CU Aβ‐ (43)	MMSE	*
		CU Aβ + (86)	MMSE	*
	VILIP‐1	CU Aβ‐ (43)	MMSE	*
		CU Aβ + (86)	MMSE	*
Jia et al. (2020)	Ng	Discovery cohort AD (28)	MMSE
		Validation cohort (73)
	GAP‐43	Discovery cohort AD (28)	MMSE
		Validation cohort (73)
	SNAP‐25	Discovery cohort AD (28)	MMSE
		Validation cohort (73)
	Synaptotagmin‐1	Discovery cohort AD (28)	MMSE
		Validation cohort (73)
Kirsebom et al. (2018)	Ng	Aβ + MCI (20) Aβ + SCI (18) CU (36)	MMSE	*
			CERAD word list test	*
			TMT‐A	*
			TMT‐B	*
Kvartsberg, Duits, et al. (2015)	Ng	MCI (40)	MMSE	*
Lee et al. (2008)	VILIP‐1	AD (33)	MMSE
Lim et al. (2019)	NPTXR	MCI (14) Mild AD (21) Moderate AD (43) Severe AD (30)	MMSE
Mattsson et al. (2016)	NfL	Aβ + AD, MCI, CU (262)	MMSE	*
			ADAS‐Cog11
		Aβ‐ AD, MCI, CU (127)	MMSE
			ADAS‐Cog11
	Ng	Aβ + AD, MCI, CU (262)	MMSE	*
			ADAS‐Cog11	*
		Aβ‐ AD, MCI, CU (127)	MMSE	*
			ADAS‐Cog11	*
McGuire et al. (2015)	NfL	HAD (3) ANI (15) MNCD (15) CU (15)	WAIS‐III digit symbol	*
			WAIS‐III symbol search	*
			TMT‐A	*
			Story memory test	*
			Figure memory test	*
			WCST	*
			TMT‐B	*
			COWAT	*
			ANT	*
			WAIS‐III letter‐number sequencing	*
			PASAT	*
	pNfH	HAD (3) ANI (15) MNCD (15) CU (15)	WAIS‐III digit symbol
			WAIS‐III symbol search
			TMT‐A
			Story memory test
			Figure memory test
			WCST	*
			TMT‐B	*
			COWAT	*
			ANT	*
			WAIS‐III letter‐number sequencing	*
			PASAT	*
Meeter et al. (2016)	NfL	FTD with GRN, MAPT, C9orf72 mutation (101)	MMSE	*
Meeter, Gendron, et al. (2018)	NfL	FTD with C9orf72 mutation (64)	MMSE
		Presymptomatic carriers of C9orf72 mutation (25)	MMSE	*
		Total (89)	MMSE
Meeter et al. (2019)	NfL	svPPA (147)	BNT
			ANT	*
			Letter fluency	*
			WAIS‐III DSF	*
			WAIS‐III DSB	*
			TMT‐A
			TMT‐B
			SCWT	*
			CDT	*
			AVLT	*
			CVLT	*
			CERAD word list test	*
			Rey complex figure test	*
Meeter, Vijverberg, et al. (2018)	NfL	bvFTD (164)	MMSE	*
			FAB
		svPPA (36)	MMSE	*
			FAB	*
		nfvPPA (19)	MMSE	*
			FAB	*
		lvPPA (4)	MMSE	*
			FAB	*
		CBS (40)	MMSE
			FAB	*
		PSP (58)	MMSE	*
			FAB	*
		Total sample (including FTD‐MND;	MMSE
			FAB
Mielke, Syrjanen, Blennow, Zetterberg, Skoog, et al. (2019)	NfL	Dementia (7) MCI (83)	Global composite	*
			Memory composite
			Language composite	*
			Attention composite	*
			Visuospatial composite	*
		CU (687)	Global composite
			Memory composite
			Language composite
			Attention composite
			Visuospatial composite
		Total (777)	Global composite
			Memory composite
			Language composite
			Attention composite
			Visuospatial composite
	Ng	Dementia (7) MCI (83)	Global composite	*
			Memory composite
			Language composite	*
			Attention composite
			Visuospatial composite	*
		CU (687)	Global composite	*
			Memory composite	*
			Language composite	*
			Attention function composite	*
			Visuospatial composite	*
		Total (777)	Global composite
			Memory composite
			Language composite
			Attention composite	*
			Visuospatial composite
Mielke, Syrjanen, Blennow, Zetterberg, Vemuri, et al. (2019)	NfL	MCI (15) CU (64) Total (79)	Global composite	*
			Memory composite	*
			Language composite	*
			Attention composite	*
			Visuospatial composite	*
Mouton‐Liger et al. (2020)	Nrg1	AD (54)	MMSE
		MCI‐AD (20)	MMSE
		Total: AD (54) MCI‐AD (20) Non‐AD dementia (30) Non‐AD MCI (31) CU (27)	MMSE
Oeckl et al. (2020)	Beta‐synuclein	Cohort 1: AD (64)	MMSE
		Cohort 2: AD (40)	MMSE	*
		Cohort 3: AD (49)	MMSE	*
Öhrfelt et al. (2016)	Synaptotagmin	Cohort 1: AD (17)	MMSE	*
		Cohort 2: AD (24)	MMSE	*
		Cohort 1: MCI‐AD (5)	MMSE	*
		Cohort 2: MCI‐AD (18)	MMSE	*
		Cohort 1: CU (17)	MMSE	*
		Cohort 2: CU (36)	MMSE	*
Öhrfelt et al. (2019)	SNAP‐25	Cohort 1: AD (17)	MMSE	*
		Cohort 2: AD (24)	MMSE	*
		Cohort 1: MCI‐AD (5)	MMSE	*
		Cohort 2: MCI‐AD (18)	MMSE	*
		Cohort 1: CU (17)	MMSE	*
		Cohort 2: CU (36)	MMSE	*
Osborn et al. (2019)	NfL	Early MCI (27) MCI (132)	Episodic memory composite	*
			Executive function composite	*
			BNT	*
			ANT
			WAIS‐IV coding	*
			DKEFS number sequencing	*
			Hooper visual organisation test	*
		CU (174)	Episodic memory composite
			Executive function composite	*
			BNT	*
			ANT	*
			WAIS‐IV coding	*
			DKEFS number sequencing	*
			Hooper visual organisation test	*
		Total (333)	Episodic memory composite
			Executive function composite	*
			BNT	*
			ANT
			WAIS‐IV coding	*
			DKEFS number sequencing	*
			Hooper visual organisation test	*
Portelius et al. (2015)	Ng	AD (95)	MMSE	*
			ADAS‐cog	*
		pMCI (105)	MMSE	*
			ADAS‐cog	*
		sMCI (68)	MMSE	*
			ADAS‐cog	*
		CU (110)	MMSE	*
			ADAS‐cog	*
Racine et al. (2016)	NfL	MCI + CU (70)	CPAL errors‐ visual memory
			GMCT moves/sec ‐speed of visual processing
			GML errors	*
			GMR errors	*
			OCL accuracy	*
			ONB accuracy	*
			TWOB accuracy	*
			AVLT delayed
			Logical memory delayed
			BVMT‐R delayed
Rojas et al. (2018)	NfL	PSP (50)	RBANS	*
			Colour trails 1	*
			Colour trails 2
			Letter‐number sequencing
			Phonemic fluency	*
Rolstad, Berg, et al. (2015)	NfL	Dementia‐ vascular (65)	Attention composite	*
			Learning/memory composite	*
			Visuospatial composite	*
			Language composite	*
			Executive function composite	*
		Dementia‐ non‐vascular (128)	Attention composite	*
			Learning/memory composite	*
			Visuospatial composite	*
			Language composite
			Executive function composite	*
		MCI‐ vascular (86)	Attention composite
			Learning/memory composite	*
			Visuospatial composite	*
			Language composite	*
			Executive function composite
		MCI‐ non‐vascular (175)	Attention composite	*
			Learning/memory composite
			Visuospatial composite	*
			Language composite	*
			Executive function composite	*
		SCI‐ vascular (48)	Attention composite
			Learning/memory composite	*
			Visuospatial composite
			Language composite	*
			Executive function composite
		SCI‐ non‐vascular (120)	Attention composite	*
			Learning/memory composite	*
			Visuospatial composite	*
			Language composite	*
			Executive function composite	*
Rolstad, Jakobsson, et al. (2015)	NfL	CU (71)	Memory composite	*
			Executive functions composite	*
			Visuospatial composite	*
			Attention composite	*
			Verbal functions composite	*
Sancesario et al. (2020)	Ng	CU (30)	MMSE	*
Sandelius et al. (2019)	GAP‐43	AD (275)	MMSE	*
		MCI (84)	MMSE	*
		CU (43)	MMSE	*
		FTD (39)	MMSE	*
		DLB (27)	MMSE	*
		lvPPA (10)	MMSE	*
		svPPA (15)	MMSE	*
		PSP (18)	MMSE	*
		CBS (19)	MMSE	*
		Total sample (662; CU, MCI, AD, ALS, FTD, PD, PD‐MCI, PD‐dementia, DLB, lvPPA, svPPA, PSP, CBS, PCA)	MMSE
Sanfilippo et al. (2016)	Ng	AD (25)	MMSE
			CAMCOG	*
		MCI (50)	MMSE	*
			CAMCOG	*
		MCI‐AD (36)	MMSE	*
			CAMCOG	*
		CU (44)	MMSE	*
			CAMCOG	*
Santillo et al. (2019)	Ng	CU (20)	MCCB	*
Scherling et al. (2014)	NfL	Total: Asymptomatic FTD mutation carriers (8) bvFTD (45) nfvPPA (18) svPPA (16) CBS (17) AD (50) PSP (22) CU (47)	MMSE	*
			Rey‐Osterrieth figure	*
			DSF	*
			DSB
			TMT	*
			Stroop colour naming task
			BNT
			ANT
			CVLT
			Phonemic fluency
		bvFTD (45)	MMSE
			Rey‐Osterrieth figure	*
			DSF	*
			DSB
			TMT	*
			Stroop colour naming task
			BNT	*
			ANT
			CVLT
			Phonemic fluency
		nfvPPA (18)	MMSE	*
			Rey‐Osterrieth figure	*
			DSF	*
			DSB	*
			TMT	*
			Stroop colour naming task	*
			BNT
			ANT	*
			CVLT	*
			Phonemic fluency	*
Schindler et al. (2019)	Ng	Carriers of mutations in PSEN1, PSEN2, or APP (235)	DIAN cognitive composite
		Mutation non‐carriers (145)	DIAN cognitive composite	*
	SNAP‐25	Carriers of mutations in PSEN1, PSEN2, or APP (235)	DIAN cognitive composite
		Mutation non‐carriers (145)	DIAN cognitive composite	*
	VILIP‐1	Carriers of mutations in PSEN1, PSEN2, or APP (235)	DIAN cognitive composite
		Mutation non‐carriers (145)	DIAN cognitive composite	*
Sjogren et al. (2001)	NfL	Insignificant white matter changes (61; AD, SVD, CU)	MMSE
		Extensive white matter changes (14; AD, SVD, CU)	MMSE	*
Sjogren et al. (2000)	NfL	FTD (18)	MMSE
		AD (21)	MMSE
Skillback et al. (2014)	NfL	EAD (223)	MMSE	*
		AD (1194)	MMSE
		FTD (146)	MMSE	*
		DLB (114)	MMSE	*
		VaD (465)	MMSE	*
		MIX (517)	MMSE
		PDD (45)	MMSE	*
		Dementia NOS (437)	MMSE	*
		Total (3103)	MMSE
Sun et al. (2016)	Ng	ApoE ε4 carriers: AD (67) MCI (102) CU (27)	MMSE
Swanson et al. (2016)	NPTX2	Total: AD (64) MCI (135) CU (86)	MMSE
			ADAS‐Cog11
			Memory composite
Teitsdottir et al. (2020)	NfL	AD CSF profile (28): SCI (2) MCI (9) AD (16) DLB (1)	Verbal episodic memory composite
		Non‐AD CSF profile (14): SCI (10) MCI (13) DLB (1)	Verbal episodic memory composite	*
van der Ende et al., (2020)	NPTX2	Symptomatic genetic FTD (54)	MMSE
			TMT‐B
			Phonemic verbal fluency	*
		Presymptomatic genetic FTD (106)	MMSE	*
			TMT‐B	*
			Phonemic verbal fluency	*
van Steenoven et al. (2020)	NPTX2	DLB (85)	MMSE
	NPTXR	DLB (85)	MMSE
Wang (2019)	Ng	AD (81)	MMSE	*
		MCI (171)	MMSE	*
		CU (99)	MMSE	*
		Total (351)	MMSE
Wang, Zhou, and Zhang (2018)	SNAP‐25	AD (16) MCI (75) CU (55)	MMSE
Wellington et al. (2016)	Ng	AD (100)	MMSE	*
		bvFTD (20)	MMSE	*
		svFTD (21)	MMSE	*
		DLB (13)	MMSE	*
		PSP (46)	MMSE	*
		CU (19)	MMSE	*
		Total (including PD, MSA, mood disorders)	MMSE
		AD‐like biomarker profile (151)	MMSE	*
		Non‐AD‐like biomarker (109)	MMSE	*
Xiao et al. (2017)	NPTX2	AD (30)	MMSE	*
			DSS
			BNT	*
			Phonemic verbal fluency
			Semantic verbal fluency
			WCST
			Visual reproduction test
			Block design
			CDT	*
			CVLT
Zetterberg et al. (2016)	NfL	AD (95)	MMSE
			ADAS‐cog
		pMCI (101)	MMSE	*
			ADAS‐cog	*
		sMCI (91)	MMSE	*
			ADAS‐cog
		CU (110)	MMSE	*
			ADAS‐cog	*
Zhang, Ng, et al. (2018)	VILIP‐1	Aβ + AD, MCI, CU (83)	MMSE
		Aβ‐ MCI, CU (38)	MMSE	*
Zhang, Therriault, et al. (2018)	SNAP‐25	AD (18)	MMSE	*
			ADAS‐cog	*
		sMCI (22)	MMSE	*
			ADAS‐cog	*
		pMCI (47)	MMSE	*
			ADAS‐cog	*
		CU (52)	MMSE	*
			ADAS‐cog	*

Abbreviations: ACE‐CZ, Addenbrookes Cognitive Examination‐Czech Version; AD, Alzheimers disease; ADAS‐Cog, Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale‐Cognitive Subscale; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; ANI, asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment; ANT, animal naming test; ApoE, apolipoprotein E; AVLT, Rey auditory verbal learning Test; Aβ‐, amyloid beta negative; Aβ+, amyloid beta positive; BMDB, brief mental deterioration battery; BNT, Boston naming test; BSRT, Buschke selective reminding test; bvFTD, behaviour variant FTD; BVMT‐R, Brief visuospatial memory test‐revised; BVMT, brief visuospatial memory test; CAMCOG, Cambridge cognitive examination; CBS, corticobasal syndrome; CDT, clock drawing test; CERAD, consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimers disease; CJD, Creutzfeldt‐Jacob disease; COWAT, controlled oral word association test; CPAL, continuous paired associate learning; CU, cognitive unimpaired; CVLT, California verbal learning test; DIAN, dominantly inherited Alzheimer network; DKEFS, Delis‐Kaplan executive function system; DLB, dementia with Lewy bodies; DSB, digit span backwards; DSF, digit span forwards; DSS, digit symbol substitution; EAD, early‐onset Alzheimers disease; FAB, frontal assessment battery; FTD, frontotemporal dementia; GMCT, groton maze times chase test; GML, groton maze learning test; GMR, groton maze learning test delayed recall; HAD, HIV‐associated dementia; lvPPA, logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia; MCCB, MATRICS consensus cognitive battery; MCI‐AD, mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimers disease; MCI‐o, mild cognitive impairment not due to Alzheimers disease; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MIX, mixed dementia; MMSE, mini mental state examination; MNCD, mild neurocognitive disorder; MND, motor neuron disease; MSA, multiple system atrophy; NfL, neurofilament‐light; nfvPPA, non‐fluent variant primary progressive aphasia; Ng, neurogranin; NOS, not otherwise specified; OCL, one‐card learning; ONB, one‐back memory; PASAT, paced auditory serial addition test; PCA, posterior cortical atrophy; PD, Parkinsons disease; PDD, Parkinsons disease dementia; pDLB, prodromal dementia with Lewy bodies; pMCI, progressive MCI; pNfH, phosphorylated neurofilament heavy; PSP, progressive supranuclear palsy; PVLT, Philadelphia verbal learning test; RBANS, repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status; SCWT, stroop colour word test; sMCI, stable MCI; SVD, small vessel disease; svPPA, semantic variant primary progressive aphasia; TMT‐B, trail making test B; TMT‐A, trail making test A; TWOB, two‐back memory; VaD, vascular dementia; WAIS, Wechsler adult intelligence scale; WCST, Wisconsin card sorting test; WE, Wernicke's encephalopathy.