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. 2022 Dec 26;43(6):2073–2081. doi: 10.1007/s10792-022-02607-9

Table 2.

Comparison of retinal layers between patients recovered from COVID-19 infection in early period and at 12 months and healthy subjects

V1 visit
(n = 27)		 V2 visit
(n = 27)		 Healthy controls
(n = 27)		 V1 vs. V2
p valueꞎ 		V1 vs. control
pvalueꞎꞎ 		V2 vs. control
pvalueꞎꞎ
Retina (μm, mean ± SD)
 Central 270.26  ±  19.55 271.87 ± 24.71 276.30 ± 19.55 0.364 0.102 0.295
 Inner ring 337.05  ±  13.83 337.04 ± 15.03 343.98 ± 14.51 0.990 0.013* 0.016
 Outer ring 306.17  ±  10.42 305.49 ± 11.85 310.89 ± 11.05 0.090 0.024* 0.016
mRNFL (μm, mean ± SD)
 Central 12.38 ± 2.54 11.98 ± 2.43 12.61 ± 1.82 0.094 0.603 0.132
 Inner ring 21.89 ± 1.84 21.70 ± 2.30 22.45 ± 2.34 0.304 0.174 0.097
 Outer ring 35.55 ± 4.04 34.70 ± 4.47 37.21 ± 4.60 0.041* 0.049* 0.005*
GCIPL (μm, mean ± SD)
 Central 38.04 ± 10.62 37.70 ± 11.57 39.52 ± 8.92 0.733 0.434 0.364
 Inner ring 90.91 ± 7.90 91.72 ± 7.97 94.16 ± 5.43 0.166 0.015* 0.067
 Outer ring 69.99 ± 5.55 70.45 ± 5.27 70.84 ± 4.40 0.283 0.382 0.682
INL (μm, mean ± SD)
 Central 20.43 ± 6.61 20.67 ± 6,51 20.46 ± 4.84 0.687 0.754 0.837
 Inner ring 40.06 ± 2.99 40.02 ± 3.40 39.57 ± 2.66 0.914 0.370 0.442
 Outer ring 34.97 ± 1.88 35.07 ± 2.16 34.88 ± 1.89 0.595 0.810 0.629
OPL (μm, mean ± SD)
 Central 27.46 ± 7.30 25.59 ± 6.45 25.20 ± 5.16 0.102 0.067 0.730
 Inner ring 32.88 ± 3.08 33.07 ± 4.05 32.05 ± 3.38 0.663 0.184 0.158
 Outer ring 28.50 ± 2.08 27.97 ± 1.77 28.00 ± 2.39 0.041 0.254 0.927
ONL (μm, mean ± SD)
 Central 87.39 ± 11.89 88.46 ± 11.53 92.15 ± 11.69 0.472 0.038* 0.102
 Inner ring 69.67 ± 7.51 68.78 ± 8.07 74.13 ± 8.81 0.182 0.006* 0.001*
 Outer ring 59.02 ± 7.64 58.74 ± 7.00 61.21 ± 6.76 0.591 0.118 0.065
pRNFL (μm, mean ± SD)
 Central 99.07 ± 8.06 98.87 ± 9.25 106.72 ± 14.29 0.752 0.001* 0.001*
 Superotemporal 133.69 ± 20.33 135.15 ± 19.49 137.72 ± 17.33 0.305 0.269 0.470
 Superonasal 110.30 ± 19.99 110.78 ± 19.99 115.59 ± 19.18 0.759 0.163 0.204
 Nasal 70.96 ± 14.30 71.17 ± 12.99 75.04 ± 15.76 0.869 0.162 0.167
 Inferonasal 112.19 ± 16.31 110.37 ± 16.46 120.39 ± 20.58 0.132 0.024* 0.006*
 Inferotemporal 149.65 ± 21.64 148.39 ± 20.47 154.15 ± 15.87 0.361 0.221 0.105
 Temporal 71.91 ± 11.15 72.13 ± 12.70 75.78 ± 11.46 0.805 0.078 0.120

GCIPL ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer, INL inner nuclear layer, mRNFL macular retinal nerve fiber layer, ONL outer nuclear layer, OPL outer plexiform layer, pRNFL peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer

ꞎPaired t test

ꞎꞎIndependent t test

* p < 0.05