Table 1.
Evolution of SASS production methods
| Authors | Year | Production time | Characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|
| Michel et al.9 | 1999 | 78 days | Split-thickness self-assembled bilayered substitute with differentiated epidermis and hair follicle insertions. 4 dermal layers. F+K. Ideal for topical drug permeation studies. |
| Laplante et al.10 | 2001 | 56 days | Shorter individual dermal sheet production time. 3 dermal layers produce a thicker substitute and permit wound reepithelization studies. F+K. No skin appendages. |
| Pouliot et al.11 | 2002 | 50 days/ 71 days | Self-assembled skin substitutes were transplanted on athymic mice before epidermal differentiation or were left to differentiate in vitro for 21 days at the air-liquid interface. Demonstrated that the skin construct is an ideal tissue- engineered skin substitute in preclinical models. |
| Bellemare et al.16 | 2005 | - | This model uses pathological cells (F+K) to accurately modelize scarring mechanisms. This also showed cells with varying fibrotic origins produce tissue-engineered substitutes with different phenotypes. |
| Trottier et al.17 | 2008 | Minimum 56 days | Trilayered skin substitutes were produced from differentiated adipose-derived stem cells (ASC), fibroblasts, and keratinocytes. ASCs were also shown to be an effective substitute for fibroblasts in the skin’s dermal component. F+K+ASCs. |
| Gauvin et al.12 | 2012 | Minimum 42 days | Multiple culture variables were compared. F+K. Tissue-engineered skin surface area did not affect contraction, however, keratinocyte differentiation positively correlated with lower contraction values. |
| Lavoie et al.15 | 2013 | Minimum 45 days | Tissue-engineered skins allow the preservation of stem cells in the basal layer of the epidermis. F+K. |
| Beaudoin-Cloutier et al.10 | 2015 | 31 days | A previously decellularized self-assembled matrix is used as a scaffold for subsequent skin substitute production. F+K. This eliminates the delay of matrix production by autologous fibroblasts before keratinocyte seeding. |
| Morissette-Martin et al.18 | 2015 | 24 days | This method cultured ASCs to form a thick adipocyte sheet bandage to assist normal wound healing mechanisms in vivo. No dermal or epidermal component was included in the reconstructed tissue. |
| Larouche et al.11 | 2016 | 31 days/ 38 days | 3 new methods were developed to produce SASS quicker, with the lengthier version having the advantage of displaying less contraction. Respectively, two are 2 weeks, the other 1 week quicker than the original method. |
| Molina Martins et al.19 | 2020 | 50 days | This experiment established the capability of tissue-engineered skin to respond to UV radiation in a relatively similar manner to native skin, making it a good model for UV-focused skin damage studies. |
| Kawecki et al.20 | 2021 | 41 days | This study examined the morphological differences between a 35cm2 (standard size) and 289cm2 (large size) SASS. Production time was the same, as was histology, contraction, thickness, and grafting. |
ASC, adipose stem/stromal cells; Endo, endothelial cells; F, fibroblasts; K, keratinocytes; SASS, self-assembled skin substitute.