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Pleiotropy and heterogeneity testing in sensitivity analyses of IVs for RA. (A) Pleiotropy testing using MR Egger regression (B) Pleiotropy testing using MR-PRESSO. (C) Heterogeneity testing using the Cochrane Q statistic. IV, instrument variant; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; MR, mendelian randomization; MR-PRESSO, mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier.
