Table 2.

Cerebrovascular outcomes related to PA patients with cushing disease.

Authors and Year	No. of Patients	Population Examined	Main Findings
Bolland et al., 2011 (35)	253	Cushing syndrome; 188 (74.3%) with Cushing disease	17% of patient deaths were due to stroke (#2 cause of death)
Dekkers et al., 2013 (36)	343	Cushing syndrome; 211 (61.5%) with Cushing disease	Stroke HR 3 years before diagnosis: 4.5 Stroke HR in first year after diagnosis: 4.3 Stroke HR 1-30 years after diagnosis: 1.5 Stroke HR for CD 0-30 years after diagnosis: 2.1 Stroke HR for CD was not significantly different from those with adrenal Cushing syndrome
Clayton et al., 2016 (37)	320	Cushing disease	1.9% of patients died from stroke Overall SMR for circulatory disease (CVD and CeVD): 2.17
Papakokkinou et al., 2020 (38)	502	Cushing disease	Overall stroke SMR: 3.0 Stroke SIR for patients in remission: 2.6 Stroke SIR for patients not in remission: 8.2 Stroke SIR from diagnosis to 1 year after remission: 4.9 Stroke SIR > 1 year after remission: 3.1
Oh et al., 2021 (20)	31,983; 19,416 NFPAs (4,077 with hypopituitarism); 8,871 prolactinomas; 2,613 GH-secreting adenomas; 1,083 ACTH/TSH-secreting adenomas.	All PAs	Ischemic stroke SIR in ACTH and TSH-secreting adenomas: 3.75 Ischemic stroke HR in ACTH/TSH adenomas: 1.9 Hemorrhagic stroke SIR in ACTH/TSH adenomas: 6.9 Hemorrhagic stroke HR in ACTH/TSH adenomas: 1.9

HR, hazard ratio; CeVD, cerebrovascular disease; SMR, standardized mortality ratio; CD, Cushing disease; SIR, standardized incidence ratio.