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. 2022 Dec 12;13:1064409. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1064409

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Copyright © 2022 Farhangi-Abriz and Ghassemi-Golezani

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Changes in pH (A), CEC (B), fluoride (C) and cadmium (D) concentration of soil and fluoride (E) and cadmium (F) contents of leaves in response to biochar and chemically modified biochars under fluoride and cadmium toxicities. Data represent the average of three replicates (n = 3) ± standard error. Different letters indicate significant differences by Tukey HSD test at p ≤ 0.05. CEC: Cation exchange capacity; DW: dry weight; F: Fluoride; Cd: Cadmium; Bio-H₂O₂: Modified biochar by H₂O₂; Bio-KOH: Modified biochar by KOH; Bio-H₃PO₄: Modified biochar by H₃PO₄.