TABLE 3.
Laboratory findings of the COVID‐19 patients
| Laboratory data | Admission | Patients | p‐value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control (n = 21) | Intervention (n = 19) | Total (n = 40) | |||
| The percentage of O2 Saturation | Early | 91 (4) | 90 (6) | 90 (88–92) | 1.00 |
| Middle | 94 (5) | 90 (7) | 92 (5) | .10 | |
| Late | 93 (8) | 92 (5) | 93 (6) | .18 | |
| WBC (109/L) | Early | 7.1 (5.8) | 7.1 (5.9) | 7.1 (5.7) | .91 |
| Middle | 7.55 (6.8) | 4.85 (3.5) | 5.75 (4.9) | .24 | |
| Late | 9.4 (5.1) | 5.8 (5.2) | 7.7 (5.6) | .34 | |
| Neutrophil (109/L) | Early | 77.22 ± 10.36 | 70.53 ± 13.91 | 74.27 ± 12.33 | .11 |
| Middle | 72.01 ± 16.55 | 70.77 ± 6.26 | 71.56 ± 13.53 | .80 | |
| Late | 75.21 ± 10.92 | 69.48 ± 15.16 | 72.51 ± 13.0 | .38 | |
| Hemoglobin (mg/dl) | Early | 13.63 ± 1.79 | 14.34 ± 2.15 | 13.97 ± 1.98 | .26 |
| Middle | 12.64 ± 1.75 | 14.42 ± 1.7 | 13.32 ± 1.91 | .01 | |
| Late | 12.56 ± 1.71 | 13.19 ± 1.53 | 12.83 ± 1.63 | .37 | |
| Lymphocyte (109/L) | Early | 18.82 ± 10.24 | 19.78 ± 11.22 | 19.26 ± 10.55 | .79 |
| Middle | 19.24 ± 14.25 | 22.8 ± 7.22 | 20.53 ± 12.09 | .44 | |
| Late | 17.75 ± 9.67 | 20.87 ± 8.04 | 19.13 ± 8.87 | .47 | |
| Platelet (109/L) | Early | 159 (94) | 190 (107) | 168 (102) | .59 |
| Middle | 181 (128) | 130.5 (199) | 156.5 (149) | .58 | |
| Late | 186 (194) | 214.5 (245) | 192 (228) | .69 | |
| LDH (U/L) | Early | 539 (301) | 457 (168) | 486.5 (201) | .76 |
| Middle | 526 (365) | 517 (322) | 521.5 (346) | .80 | |
| Late | 1219 (−) | 410 (−) | 580 (901) | .40 | |
| Urea (mg/dl) | Early | 36 (31) | 35 (24) | 35.5 (24) | .37 |
| Middle | 32 (15) | 38 (33) | 33 (20) | .45 | |
| Late | 37 (22) | 27 (35) | 34 (26) | .20 | |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | Early | 1.15 ± 0.29 | 1.22 ± 0.42 | 1.18 ± 0.35 | .55 |
| Middle | 1.08 ± 0.27 | 1.24 ± 0.36 | 1.14 ± 0.31 | .35 | |
| Late | 1.12 ± 0.24 | 1.06 ± 0.25 | 1.09 ± 0.24 | .56 | |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | Early | 137.5 (6) | 138 (2) | 138 (5) | .98 |
| Middle | 136.5 (5) | 137.5 (3) | 137 (4) | .30 | |
| Late | 138 (5) | 139 (3) | 138.5 (4) | .44 | |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | Early | 4.1 (0.5) | 4.1 (0.4) | 4.1 (0.5) | .61 |
| Middle | 4.1 (0.7) | 4.35 (0.6) | 4.15 (0.6) | .27 | |
| Late | 4.5 (1.2) | 4.5 (0.6) | 4.5 (1.1) | .58 | |
| Ionized calcium (mg/dl) | Early | 1.06 ± 0.06 | 1.05 ± 0.05 | 1.05 ± 0.058 | .53 |
| Middle | 1.06 ± 0.06 | 1.08 ± 0.07 | 1.07 ± 0.07 | .55 | |
| Late | 1.07 ± 0.07 | 1.11 ± 0.03 | 1.09 ± 0.04 | .38 | |
| Total calcium (mg/dl) | Early | 8.1 (1.3) | 8.55 (1.1) | 8.5 (1.2) | .50 |
| Middle | 8.25 (−) | — | 8.4 (−) | .14 | |
| Magnesium (mg/dl) | Early | 1.86 ± 0.29 | 1.97 ± 0.2 | 1.93 ± 0.23 | .39 |
| Middle | 2.01 ± 0.2 | 1.98 ± 0.23 | 2.0 ± 0.21 | .81 | |
| Late | 2.2 ± 0.42 | 2.17 ± 0.15 | 2.18 ± 0.22 | .94 | |
| Phosphorus (mmol/L) | Early | 2.7 ± 1.12 | 2.93 ± 1.02 | 2.81 ± 1.03 | .71 |
| Middle | 2.8 ± 0.45 | 2.95 ± 0.41 | 2.91 ± 0.4 | .60 | |
| Late | 3.0 | 2.67 ± 0.43 | 2.74 ± 0.4 | .55 | |
| CPK (U/L) | Early | 142 (657) | 91.5 (145) | 121 (144) | .12 |
| Middle | 185 (900) | 54 (114) | 116 (159) | .41 | |
| Late | 37.5 | 38 (−) | .66 | ||
| CPK‐MB (U/L) | Early | 36 (38) | 27 (26) | 33 (22) | .19 |
| Late | 18 (−) | 1.00 | |||
| ALT (U/L) | Early | 21.5 (19) | 27.5 (29) | 24.5 (22) | .60 |
| Middle | 23.5 (24) | 40 (45) | 27 (41) | .43 | |
| Late | 48 (101) | 53.5 (−) | 53.5 (59) | .82 | |
| AST (U/L) | Early | 33 (25) | 40.5 (35) | 36.5 (27) | .62 |
| Middle | 36 (17) | 46 (63) | 39 (47) | 1.00 | |
| Late | 71 (166) | 81 (−) | 81 (107) | .87 | |
| ALP (U/L) | Early | 216 (83) | 156 (77) | 177 (90) | .05 |
| Middle | 216 (279) | 140.5 (68) | 145.5 (141) | .13 | |
| Late | 154 (−) | 129 (−) | 130 (81) | .78 | |
| ESR (mm/h) | Early | 16 (−) | 21 (−) | 21 (23) | 1.00 |
| Middle | 16 (−) | 21 (44) | .07 | ||
| INR | Early | 1.08 (0.17) | 1.09 (0.16) | 1.08 (0.16) | .88 |
| Middle | 1.13 (0.71) | 1.1 (3.03) | 1.1 (0.18) | .79 | |
| Late | 1.43 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.39) | .34 | ||
| PTT (seconds) | Early | 31 (12) | 33.5 (15) | 32 (11) | .48 |
| Middle | 38 (24) | 40 (35) | 40 (24) | .93 | |
| Late | 37 (38) | 36.5 (35) | 1.00 | ||
| PT (seconds) | Early | 14.4 (32.1) | 14.5 (2.2) | 14.4 (2.2) | .81 |
| Middle | 16 (15.9) | 15.2 (17.7) | 15.8 (12.6) | .90 | |
| Late | 19.2 (5.4) | 0.6 (−) | 17.45 (5.2) | .34 | |
| NLR | Early | 4.81 (7.63) | 4.09 (4.73) | 4.09 (5.58) | .42 |
| Middle | 5.73 (9.37) | 3.41 (1.78) | 3.65 (6.52) | — | |
| Late | 5.52 (7.42) | 4.04 (3.45) | 4.9 (5.57) | .32 | |
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | Early | 0.66 ± 0.2 | 0.95 ± 0.59 | — | |
| Middle | 1.35 ± 0.63 | 1.3 ± 0.63 | .58 | ||
| Direct bilirubin (μmol/L) | Early | 0.33 ± 0.057 | 0.42 ± 0.18 | .52 | |
| Middle | 0.55 ± 0.21 | 0.55 ± 0.21 | .27 | ||
Note: Data are shown as median [interval quartile (IQR)] or mean ± standard deviation (SD). p‐value is calculated using the Mann–Whitney U test or independent T‐test in variables with non‐normal or normal distributions, respectively.
Abbreviations: ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, aspartate transaminase; BNP, B‐type natriuretic peptide; CPK, creatine phosphokinase; CRP: C‐reactive protein; Early, at the onset of admission; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; INR, international normalized ratio; Late, at the end of admission; Middle, at the middle of the admission; NLR, neutrophil leukocyte ratio; PLT, platelets; PT, prothrombin time; PTT, partial thromboplastin time; WBC, white‐blood cell.