Table 3.

A list of qualitative codes and examples for institutions at the federal, state, and local levels.

Institutions
Level	Qualitative code examples	Examples
Federal	Budget cuts; agenda setting; agency assessments; national programs; public health declarations; task force formation; press releases; testing development; travel bans; disease surveillance; interagency cooperation; private sector involvement; economic relief; congressional legislation; executive orders; PPE distribution; immigration control; vaccine development; federal guidance; emergency use authorizations; congressional testimony	1). “[Vice President Michael Pence] also announced that the Office of Management and Budget would issue guidance directing agencies across the federal government “to review internal travel policies and to adhere to State Department advisories with regard to international travel” (Chalfant, 2020). 2). “A year later, [Federal Emergency Management Agency] continues working with state, tribal, and territorial authorities to bring this pandemic to an end. One strategy is speeding up vaccinations by supporting states as they open community vaccination centers across the country” (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2021).
State	State university responses; stay-at-home orders; state checkpoints; state executive orders; PPE distribution; PPE manufacturing; financial assistance; unemployment benefits; state prison conditions; COVID-19 testing; business restrictions; church restrictions; hospitalization; nursing homes; healthcare capacity; cooperation (multi-state, federal-state, inter-agency); timelines for “reopening the economy”	1). “At this point in the pandemic, our three best tools for slowing the spread of COVID-19 and keeping our hospitals operational are vaccinations, masks, and distance said [Governor John Bel Edwards]” (Louisiana Office of the Governor, 2020). 2). “The nation‘s governors are in talks about creating a multi-state consortium to oversee the purchase and distribution of medical supplies across the country—a direct response to the White House's hands-off approach to the issue” (Gronewold, 2020).
Local	Curfews and exemptions; shelter-in-place orders; social distancing; community guidelines; limited public/private gatherings; daily screenings; business protocols; university operations; public school operations; “personal responsibility”; drive-in testing; PPE orders and distribution; alternative modes of education; health care capacity; local press releases; state(s) of emergency; food assistance; essential vs. non-essential businesses; town halls; small business loans	1). “[New Orleans] Adjusts Gathering Size and Capacity Limits Under Modified Phase III Guidelines: Effective April 2, all indoor public and private gatherings shall be limited to 150 individuals […] Outdoor Recreation Spaces and Sports Complexes will be allowed to open at up to 50% of standing capacity” (City of New Orleans, 2020). 2). “Mississippi Gov. Tate Reeves, a Republican, has designated churches as essential, allowing them to operate as long as they follow state and federal health guidelines. The city of Greenville, however, has barred churches from holding either in-person or drive-in services as long as the governor's shelter-in-place order remains in effect.” (Williams, 2020).