Table 5.

Internal consistency of the Chinese 25-item Central Sensitisation Inventory (CSI-25)

No.	Items	Overall population Cronbach’s α (n=292)	Chronic pain population Cronbach’s α (n=237)
1	I feel unrefreshed when I wake up in the morning	0.926	0.875
2	My muscles feel stiff and achy	0.926	0.880
3	I have anxiety attacks	0.925	0.874
4	I grind or clench my teeth	0.932	0.883
5	I have problems with diarrhoea and/or constipation	0.929	0.881
6	I need help in performing my daily activities	0.931	0.884
7	I am sensitive to bright lights	0.929	0.879
8	I get tired very easily when I am physically active	0.924	0.876
9	I feel pain all over my body	0.923	0.872
10	I have headaches	0.927	0.877
11	I feel discomfort in my bladder and/or burning when I urinate	0.928	0.878
12	I do not sleep well	0.926	0.876
13	I have difficulty concentrating	0.925	0.872
14	I have skin problems, such as dryness, itchiness, or rashes	0.929	0.881
15	Stress makes my physical symptoms get worse	0.925	0.873
16	I feel sad or depressed	0.925	0.872
17	I have low energy	0.924	0.871
18	I have muscle tension in my neck and shoulders	0.925	0.876
19	I have pain in my jaw	0.930	0.881
20	Certain smells, such as perfumes, make me feel dizzy and nauseated	0.929	0.879
21	I have to urinate frequently	0.930	0.882
22	My legs feel uncomfortable and restless when I am trying to go to sleep at night	0.927	0.879
23	I have difficulty remembering things	0.927	0.879
24	I suffered from trauma as a child	0.930	0.881
25	I have pain in my pelvic area	0.928	0.880
	All items (total)	0.930	0.882