Figure 1.

Schematic of three types of social learning. Arrows indicate information flow between teacher and learner in three types of social learning. From left to right: Observational learning: learner attends to information that flows from teacher to learner. Imitation learning: learner attends to information that flows from teacher to learner and repeats/imitates the teacher. Interactive learning: teacher and learner engage in social interaction and exchange reciprocal social signals. Importantly, information flows back and forth from teacher to learner. (Online version in colour.)