Table 1.
Demographics and Baseline Characteristics of Study Patients and Eyes for All Classification Tasks: DM Diagnosis, DR Diagnosis, and R-DR Diagnosis
| Variable | Statistics | DM Diagnosis |
DR Diagnosis |
Referable DR Diagnosis |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls | Type 1 DM | P Value | No DR | DR | P Value | Non R-DR | R-DR | P Value | ||
| General characteristics | n = 65 | n = 374 | n = 249 | n = 125 | n = 356 | n = 18 | ||||
| Age (y) | Mean (SD) | 43.81 (14.53) | 38.85 (11.50) | < 0.05∗ | 37.62 (11.78) | 41.29 (10.53) | < 0.05∗ | 38.56 (11.47) | 44.47 (10.88) | < 0.05 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 40.30 (31.10, 57.10) | 37.65 (29.83, 46.68) | 36.40 (27.40, 45.40) | 40.50 (34.30, 48.30) | 37.40 (29.40, 46.23) | 43.95 (36.67, 52.00) | ||||
| Sex, female | n (%) | 41 (63.1) | 195 (52.1) | 0.134 | 130 (52.2) | 65 (52.0) | 0.943 | 189 (53.1) | 6 (33.3) | 0.146 |
| Smoking habits | 0.069 | 0.305 | ||||||||
| Nonsmoker | n (%) | 43 (70.5) | 242 (64.9) | 0.477 | 166 (66.9) | 76 (60.8) | 0.291 | 231 (65.1) | 11 (61.1) | 0.802 |
| Actual smoker | n (%) | 5 (8.2) | 74 (19.8) | < 0.05 | 49 (19.8) | 25 (20.0) | 0.934 | 73 (20.6) | 1 (5.6) | 0.220 |
| Ex-smoker | n (%) | 13 (21.3) | 57 (15.3) | 0.318 | 33 (13.3) | 24 (19.2) | 0.180 | 51 (14.4) | 6 (33.3) | < 0.05 |
| Hypertension | n (%) | 6 (9.8) | 32 (8.6) | 0.933 | 17 (6.8) | 15 (12.0) | 0.136 | 29 (8.1) | 3 (16.7) | 0.192 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | Mean (SD) | 23.66 (3.77) | 24.68 (3.65) | < 0.05∗ | 24.40 (3.55) | 25.21 (3.79) | < 0.05∗ | 24.57 (3.62) | 26.73 (3.81) | < 0.05 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 22.89 (21.05, 25.46) | 24.16 (22.16, 26.84) | 23.81 (21.89, 26.48) | 24.69 (22.50, 27.28) | 24.09 (22.12, 26.60) | 26.90 (23.55, 29.68) | ||||
| DM- characterisitics | ||||||||||
| DM duration (y) | Mean (SD) | 0.00 (0.00) | 19.62 (10.70) | – | 16.27 (9.96) | 26.31 (8.85) | < 0.05∗ | 19.03 (10.46) | 31.90 (8.14) | < 0.05 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 19.25 (10.50, 27.05) | 15.40 (8.28, 22.20) | 25.95 (20.38, 32.90) | 19.00 (10.20, 26.30) | 30.10 (25.50, 36.00) | ||||
| HbA1c (2017) | Mean (SD) | 5.30 (0.33) | 7.43 (0.977) | < 0.05∗ | 7.37 (1.01) | 7.56 (0.89) | < 0.05∗ | 7.43 (0.99) | 7.57 (0.74) | 0.301 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 5.30 (5.10, 5.50) | 7.40 (6.80, 7.90) | 7.30 (6.70, 7.80) | 7.40 (6.98, 8.10) | 7.40 (6.80, 7.90) | 7.60 (6.90, 8.20) | ||||
| Ocular measures | n = 102 | n = 621 | n = 436 | n = 185 | n = 594 | n = 27 | ||||
| Visual acuity | Mean (SD) | 0.96 (0.07) | 0.96 (0.37) | < 0.05∗ | 0.97 (0.44) | 0.94 (0.08) | 0.155 | 0.97 (0.38) | 0.91 (0.12) | < 0.05 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 1.00 (0.95, 1.00) | 0.95 (0.95, 1.00) | 0.95 (0.95, 1.00) | 0.95 (0.95, 1.00) | 0.95 (0.95, 1.00) | 0.95 (0.90, 0.97) | ||||
| Axial length | Mean (SD) | 23.64 (1.08) | 23.62 (1.22) | 0.798 | 23.74 (1.18) | 23.36 (1.26) | < 0.05∗ | 23.66 (1.22) | 22.89 (0.86) | < 0.05 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 23.53 (22.94, 24.37) | 23.52 (22.82, 24.39) | 23.65 (22.90, 24.54) | 23.22 (22.68, 23.91) | 23.54 (22.84, 24.42) | 23.19 (22.43, 23.38) | ||||
| OCTA | n = 103 | n = 623 | n = 438 | n = 185 | n = 596 | n = 27 | ||||
| Vessel density (mm-1) | Mean (SD) | 20.87 (1.25) | 20.14 (1.67) | < 0.05∗ | 20.52 (1.52) | 19.24 (1.67) | < 0.05∗ | 20.22 (1.64) | 18.30 (1.26) | < 0.05 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 21.00 (20.20, 21.80) | 20.30 (19.10, 21.40) | 20.70 (19.50, 21.60) | 19.40 (18.20, 20.30) | 20.40 (19.20, 21.40) | 18.40 (17.60, 18.95) | ||||
| Perfusion density | Mean (SD) | 0.374 (0.022) | 0.367 (0.026) | < 0.05∗ | 0.371 (0.025) | 0.358 (0.026) | < 0.05∗ | 0.368 (0.025) | 0.348 (0.021) | < 0.05 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 0.377 (0.365, 0.389) | 0.370 (0.352, 0.385) | 0.375 (0.355, 0.390) | 0.363 (0.343, 0.377) | 0.371 (0.353, 0.386) | 0.350 (0.340, 0.363) | ||||
| FAZ area (mm2) | Mean (SD) | 0.240 (0.080) | 0.239 (0.098) | 0.360 | 0.236 (0.096) | 0.249 (0.102) | 0.125 | 0.237 (0.097) | 0.290 (0.104) | < 0.05 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 0.250 (0.190, 0.290) | 0.230 (0.170, 0.300) | 0.230 (0.170, 0.290) | 0.240 (0.180, 0.310) | 0.230 (0.170, 0.292) | 0.300 (0.255, 0.370) | ||||
| FAZ perimeter (mm) | Mean (SD) | 2.070 (0.433) | 2.095 (0.488) | 0.999 | 2.055 (0.465) | 2.189 (0.528) | < 0.05∗ | 2.077 (0.479) | 2.479 (0.535) | < 0.05 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 2.150 (1.860, 2.350) | 2.090 (1.790, 2.415) | 2.060 (1.790, 2.370) | 2.190 (1.820, 2.570) | 2.070 (1.788, 2.400) | 2.540 (2.220, 2.815) | ||||
| FAZ circularity | Mean (SD) | 0.674 (0.080) | 0.655 (0.087) | < 0.05∗ | 0.666 (0.081) | 0.626 (0.094) | < 0.05∗ | 0.658 (0.085) | 0.581 (0.092) | < 0.05 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 0.680 (0.630, 0.730) | 0.660 (0.600, 0.720) | 0.670 (0.620, 0.728) | 0.640 (0.560, 0.700) | 0.670 (0.610, 0.720) | 0.560 (0.525, 0.650) | ||||
| Structural OCT | n = 103 | n = 621 | n = 436 | n = 185 | n = 594 | n = 27 | ||||
| Central macular thickness (μm) | Mean (SD) | 258.5 (18.9) | 262.0 (20.5) | < 0.05∗ | 261.1 (20.0) | 264.3 (21.6) | 0.076 | 261.7 (20.22) | 270.3 (26.2) | 0.065 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 256.0 (245.0, 272.0) | 262.0 (250.0, 276.0) | 261.0 (249.7, 275.0) | 266.0 (250.0, 279.0) | 262.0 (250.0, 276.0) | 272.0 (251.0, 286.0) | ||||
| Macular volume | Mean (SD) | 10.28 (0.49) | 10.31 (0.69) | 0.773 | 10.31 (0.61) | 10.30 (0.86) | 0.103 | 10.304 (0.695) | 10.430 (0.538) | 0.143 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 10.20 (9.90, 10.60) | 10.30 (10.00, 10.60) | 10.30 (10.00, 10.60) | 10.20 (9.90, 10.50) | 10.30 (10.0, 10.5) | 10.40 (10.10, 10.75) | ||||
| Macular thickness average (μm) | Mean (SD) | 285.31 (13.77) | 284.54 (18.28) | 0.874 | 284.60 (20.14) | 284.40 (12.95) | 0.108 | 284.323 (18.397) | 289.259 (15.009) | 0.169 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 284.0 (276.0, 294.5) | 285.0 (278.0, 293.0) | 286.0 (278.0, 293.0) | 284.0 (276.0, 292.0) | 285.000 (277.250, 292.000) | 288.000 (279.000, 298.500) | ||||
BMI = body mass index; DM = diabetes mellitus; DR = diabetic retinopathy; FAZ = foveal avascular zone; HbA1c = glycated hemogloblin; OCTA = OCT angiography; Q1 = quartile 1; Q3 = quartile 3; R-DR = referable DR; SD= standard deviation. ∗P < 0.05.