Table 5:
Violence risk factors and inequitable norms about gender and intimate partner violence against women among 13–24-year-olds, Kenya 2010 and 2019 VACS
| Prevalence |
Adjusted models* |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 VACS |
2019 VACS |
p value | β coefficient† |
p value | ||||
| n | Weighted % (95% CI) | n | Weighted % (95% CI) | 2010 | 2019 | |||
|
| ||||||||
| Females | ||||||||
| Risk factors | ||||||||
| Multiple sexual partners in the past 12 months‡ | 426 | 4·5 (2·2–6·8) | 445 | 6·0 (3·5–8·5) | 0·37 | 0 | −0·144 | 0·68 |
| Infrequent condom use in the past 12 month‡ | 423 | 86·2 (82·2–90·2) | 444 | 75·6 (69·9–81·2) | 0·0020 | 0 | −0·016 | 0·96 |
| Transactional sex in the past 12 months‡§ | 448 | 4·5 (1·9–7·2) | 446 | 7·6 (4·6–10·6) | 0·14 | 0 | 0·424 | 0·32 |
| Never tested for HIV¶ | 584 | 15·0 (10·9–19·0) | 512 | 12·1 (8·6–15·5) | 0·28 | 0 | −0·513 | 0·070 |
| Had symptoms or diagnosis of sexually transmitted infection in the past 12 months‖** | 1220 | 8·5 (5·5–11·5) | 1342 | 6·3 (4·7–8·0) | 0·19 | 0 | −0·264 | 0·29 |
| Child marriage‖ | 607 | 12·8 (8·9–16·7) | 669 | 8·7 (6·4–11·1) | 0·063 | 0 | −0·604 | 0·021 |
| Inequitable gender norms | ||||||||
| Endorsed at least one norm‖ | 1206 | 51·7 (46·7–56·7) | 1312 | 49·8 (45·8–53·8) | 0·57 | 0 | −0·041 | 0·76 |
| Norms justifying intimate partner violence against women | ||||||||
| Endorsed at least one norm‖ | 1188 | 75·1 (70·7–79·5) | 1310 | 61·8 (58·7–64·9) | <0·0001 | 0 | −0·581 | <0·0001 |
| Males | ||||||||
| Risk factors | ||||||||
| Multiple sexual partners in the past 12 month‡ | 355 | 37·7 (30·9–44·5) | 244 | 30·6 (25·3–35·8) | 0·093 | 0 | −0·382 | 0·078 |
| Infrequent condom use in the past 12 month‡ | 351 | 55·0 (47·4–62·6) | 243 | 50·5 (43·6–57·3) | 0·39 | 0 | −0·118 | 0·54 |
| Transactional sex in the past 12 months‡§ | 381 | 3·2 (1·3–5·2) | 245 | 7·2 (2·0–12·4) | 0·087 | 0 | 0·857 | 0·088 |
| Never tested for HIV¶ | 640 | 43·2 (37·2–49·3) | 310 | 24·2 (19·5–28·9) | <0·0001 | 0 | −1·018 | <0·0001 |
| Had symptoms or diagnosis of sexually transmitted infection in the past 12 months‖** | 1445 | 5·3 (3·6–7·0) | 786 | 3·0 C2·2–3·9) | 0·011 | 0 | 0·491 | 0·056 |
| Child marriage‖ | 664 | 2·0 (0·4–4·6) | 403 | 0·6 (0·0–1·6) | 0·18 | 0 | −1·674 | 0·061 |
| Inequitable gender norms | ||||||||
| Endorsed at least one norm‖ | 1434 | 59·2 (54·9–63·5) | 775 | 47·8 (43·5–52·0) | <0·0001 | 0 | 0·416 | 0·0003 |
| Norms justifying intimate partner violence against women | ||||||||
| Endorsed at least one norm‖ | 1420 | 81·1 (78·1–84·0) | 769 | 68·7 (65·1–72·4) | <0·0001 | 0 | −0·655 | <0·0001 |
VACS=Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys.
The adjusted model for females controlled for age, educational attainment, marital status, orphan status, rural versus urban status, and previous pregnancy using logistic regression; the adjusted model for males controlled for age, educational attainment, marital status, orphan status, and rural versus urban status using logistic regression; the logistic regression was used to assess if changes in the prevalence were significant after controlling for the important covariates; for child marriage, the adjusted model for both females and males excluded marital status because of the high correlation between marital status and early child marriage.
β coefficients were generated using logistic regression, accounting for the complex survey design of the Kenya VACS.
n includes only those who had sex in the previous 12 months.
Transactional sex includes exchanging sex for money, food, gifts, or other favours.
n includes only those who have ever had sex.
n includes every survey participant.
Includes disease acquired through sexual contact, or bad-smelling abnormal genital discharge, or a genital sore or ulcer.