Table 1.
Main clinical variables in the overall study cohort, comparing patients who survive their ICU stay and those who do not
| Overall (N = 391) |
Alive (N = 257) |
Dead (N = 134) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.286 | |||
| Female | 156 (40%) | 97 (38%) | 59 (44%) | |
| Male | 236 (60%) | 160 (62%) | 75 (56%) | |
| Age (year) | 70 (59–78) | 67 (57–77) | 74 (64–80) | < 0.001 |
| Predicted body weight (kg) | 60 (52–67) | 60 (52–67) | 59 (52–64) | 0.241 |
| Chronic heart failure | 165 (42%) | 107 (42%) | 58 (43%) | 0.862 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Diabetes | 120 (31%) | 80 (31%) | 40 (30%) | 0.866 |
| Chronic kidney failure | 77 (20%) | 51 (20%) | 26 (19%) | 1 |
| Chronic liver failure | 8 (2%) | 3 (1%) | 5 (4%) | 0.188 |
| Solid neoplasm | 12 (3%) | 6 (2%) | 6 (4.5%) | 0.395 |
| Hematological neoplasm | 6 (1.5%) | 4 (1.5%) | 2 (1.5%) | 1 |
| Chronic immunosuppression | 8 (2%) | 6 (2%) | 2 (1.5%) | 0.852 |
| COPD | 56 (14%) | 31 (12%) | 25 (19%) | 0.11 |
| Home ventilation | 6 (1.5%) | 2 (1%) | 4 (3%) | 0.213 |
| Day 1 | ||||
| SOFA score | 9 (7–12) | 9 (6–11) | 11 (9–14) | < 0.001 |
| Hemodynamic SOFA scorea | < 0.001 | |||
| MAP ≥ 70 mmHg | 114 (31%) | 94 (39%) | 20 (16%) | |
| MAP < 70 mmHg | 40 (11%) | 22 (9%) | 18 (14%) | |
| Dopamine ≤ 5 μg/kg/min or dobutamine | 25 (7%) | 16 (7%) | 9 (7%) | |
| Dopamine 5–15 μg/kg/min or norepinephrine ≤ 0.1 μg/kg/min or epinephrin ≤ 0.1 μg/kg/min | 61 (16%) | 41 (17%) | 20 (16%) | |
| Dopamine > 15 μg/kg/min or norepinephrine > 0.1 μg/kg/min or epinephrin > 0.1 μg/kg/min | 127 (35%) | 68 (28%) | 59 (47%) | |
| Arterial pH | 7.35 (7.27–7.43) | 7.38 (7.29–7.43) | 7.32 (7.24–7.40) | < 0.001 |
| PaO2/FiO2 | 172 (116–231) | 176 (125–232) | 164 (109–231) | 0.165 |
| PaCO2(mmHg) | 40 (34–48) | 40 (35–48) | 40 (34–48) | 0.911 |
| Ventilation | 0.001 | |||
| None/oxygen therapy | 10 (2.5%) | 5 (2%) | 5 (4%) | |
| Non-invasive ventilation | 67 (17%) | 57 (22%) | 10 (7%) | |
| Invasive ventilation | 314 (80.5%) | 195 (76%) | 119 (89%) | |
| Tidal volume (ml/kg PBW) | 8.2 (7.2–9.4) | 8.3 (7.3–9.4) | 8.1 (7.0–9.3) | 0.237 |
| PEEP (cmH2O) | 7 (5–8) | 7 (5–8) | 6 (5–8) | 0.197 |
| Peak pressure (cmH2O) | 22 (18–28) | 21 (17–27) | 26 (20–32) | < 0.001 |
| Plateau pressure (cmH2O) | 20 (16–24) | 20 (15–23) | 22 (19–26) | < 0.001 |
| Driving pressure (cmH2O) | 13 (9–16) | 12 (8–16) | 15 (11–17) | < 0.001 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 18 (15–22) | 18 (15–22) | 19 (15–24) | 0.196 |
| ICU evolution | ||||
| ARDS development | ||||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 327 (84%) | 204 (79%) | 123 (92%) | 0.002 |
| Venoarterial ECMO | 18 (5%) | 6 (2%) | 12 (9%) | 0.007 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 74 (19%) | 38 (15%) | 36 (27%) | 0.006 |
| Length of mechanical ventilation (days) | 4 (2–10) | 5 (3–10) | 4 (2–9) | 0.208 |
Values represent median (interquartile range) or count (percentage). p-values were obtained using Wilcoxon or Chi-square tests (for quantitative and qualitative data, respectively). In variables with multiple mutually exclusive categories per group (i.e., hemodynamics or ventilation), a Chi-square test including all the categories was performed. Tidal volume, airway pressures and respiratory rate are reported only for patients on invasive ventilation. PBW: predicted body weight, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure
aSOFA score at day 1 was available for 367 patients