Table 2.
Comparison of clinical data from patients assigned to high- or low-pressure classes by the latent mixture analysis
| High pressure (N = 188) |
Low pressure (N = 126) |
p.value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.338 | ||
| Female | 77 | 44 | |
| Male | 111 | 82 | |
| Age (year) | 69 (61–77) | 79 (59–77) | 0.773 |
| Predicted body weight (kg) | 60.2 (52.4–66.3) | 61 (53–67.1) | 0.661 |
| Chronic heart failure | 74 (39%) | 53 (42%) | 0.718 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Diabetes | 58 (31%) | 30 (24%) | 0.217 |
| Chronic kidney failure | 43 (23%) | 17 (13%) | 0.054 |
| Chronic liver failure | 5 (3%) | 2 (2%) | 0.81 |
| Solid neoplasm | 4 (2%) | 7 (6%) | 0.191 |
| Hematological neoplasm | 2 (1%) | 3 (2%) | 0.65 |
| Chronic immunosuppression | 5 (3%) | 1 (1%) | 0.704 |
| COPD | 31 (16%) | 15 (12%) | 0.335 |
| Home ventilation | 5 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.166 |
| Day 1 | |||
| SOFA score | 11 (9–13) | 9 (7–12) | 0.002 |
| Hemodynamic SOFA scorea | < 0.001 | ||
| MAP ≥ 70 mmHg | 52 (23%) | 62 (46%) | |
| MAP < 70 mmHg | 23 (10%) | 17 (13%) | |
| Dopamine ≤ 5 μg/kg/min or dobutamine | 15 (6%) | 10 (7%) | |
| Dopamine 5–15 μg/kg/min or norepinephrine ≤ 0.1 μg/kg/min or epinephrin ≤ 0.1 μg/kg/min | 46 (20%) | 15 (11%) | |
| Dopamine > 15 μg/kg/min or norepinephrine > 0.1 μg/kg/min or epinephrin > 0.1 μg/kg/min | 95 (41%) | 32 (23%) | |
| Arterial pH | 7.33 (7.24–7.41) | 7.38 (7.31–7.43) | 0.006 |
| PaO2/FiO2 | 148 (100–189) | 219 (163–247) | < 0.001 |
| PaCO2(mmHg) | 40 (35–48) | 40 (34–47) | 0.726 |
| Tidal volume (ml/kg PBW) | 8.1 (7.2–9.0) | 8.7 (7.2–9.8) | 0.014 |
| PEEP (cmH2O) | 8 (5–10) | 6 (5–7) | < 0.001 |
| Peak pressure (cmH2O) | 28 (24–34) | 19 (16–21) | < 0.001 |
| Plateau pressure (cmH2O) | 24 (21–28) | 17 (14–19) | < 0.001 |
| Driving pressure (cmH2O) | 16 (14–19) | 10 (7–12) | < 0.001 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 19 (15–22) | 17 (14–20) | 0.004 |
| Respiratory system compliance (ml/cmH2O) | 30 (25–37) | 54 (43–72) | < 0.001 |
| ICU evolution | |||
| Death in ICU | 81 (43%) | 38 (30%) | 0.028 |
| Causes of death | 0.224 | ||
| Cardiovascular failure | 60 (74%) | 26 (68%) | |
| Neurologic failure | 11 (14%) | 7 (18%) | |
| Respiratory failure | 4 (5%) | 3 (8%) | |
| Other | 6 (7%) | 2 (6%) | |
| Length of mechanical ventilation (days) | 4 (2–10) | 5 (2–10) | 0.828 |
| Ventilator-free days | 4 (0–24) | 19 (0–26) | 0.006 |
| Hospital evolution | |||
| Death in hospital | 93 (49%) | 45 (36%) | 0.022 |
Values represent median (interquartile range) or count (percentage). p-values were obtained using Wilcoxon or Chi-square tests (for quantitative and qualitative data, respectively). In variables with multiple mutually exclusive categories per group (i.e., hemodynamics), a Chi-square test including all the categories was performed
a SOFA score was available for 166 patients