Table 1.
Summary of 47 Patients with Brucella Infection Causes Eye Disease
| Number | Reference | Sex | Age (Years) | Ophthalmic Diagnosis | Contact History | Systemic Symptoms | BCVA (Pre-Treatment) | BCVA (Post-Treatment) | Laboratory Examination | Therapeutic Method | Medication Time | Treatment Effect | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brucella SAT Titre | Blood Cultures | Other Examination | ||||||||||||
| 1 | Sarmiento et al10 | F | 18 | Papilledema, Cranial nerve VI palsy (OU) | Consuming unpasteurized cheese | Fever, tachypnea and tachycardia | - | - | - | Brucella species | - | Ceftriaxone, rifampin and doxycycline | 5.5 months | Asymptomatic |
| 2 | Havali et al11 | M | 11 | Papilledema (OU) | Consuming unpasteurized cheese | Fever, arthralgia and weakness | 0.02/HM | 0.06/0.15 | - | - | CSF PCR was positive for Brucella | Doxycycline, rifampicin and ceftriaxone | 2 months | Asymptomatic Optic atrophy |
| 3 | Turel et al12 | F | 6 | Cranial nerve VI palsy (OU) | Consumption of ice cream made from unpasteurized milk | Fever, headache, and pain on the right leg | - | - | 1:360 | Brucella species | - | Trimethoprim, ceftriaxone, sulfamethoxazole and rifampicin | 2 months | Asymptomatic |
| 4 | Geng et al13 | - | 5 | Papilledema, Keratitis (OU) | Consuming unpasteurized goat milk | Fever, drowsiness and irritability | - | - | 1:25 | Brucella species | CSF mNGS was positive for Brucella | Rifampicin, sulfamethoxazole and ceftriaxone | 2 months | Asymptomatic |
| 5 | Mergen et al14 | F | 25 | Papilledema (OU), Cranial nerve VI palsy (OD) | Living in a brucellosis endemic area | Weakness and numbness in lower limbs | - | - | 1:360 | - | CSF cultures was positive for Brucella | Doxycycline, rifampin, cotrimoxazole, and dexamethasone | 6 months | Without |
| 6 | Bains et al15 | M | 50 | Papilledema (OU) | Consuming unpasteurized cheese | Fevers, headache and body aches | - | - | 1:320 | Brucella species | - | Ceftriaxone, doxycycline and rifampin | 3 months | Asymptomatic Optic atrophy |
| 7 | Sharma et al16 | M | 10 | Papilledema (OU) | Living in a brucellosis endemic area | Fevers, body ache and joint pains | - | - | 1:1280 | Brucella species | - | Doxycycline, rifampicin, and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole | 6 months | Asymptomatic |
| 8 | Dar et al17 | F | 20 | Papilledema (OS) | Domesticated animal contact history | Fever, headache, and weakness of lower limbs | - | - | - | Negative | CSF cultures was positive for Brucella | Doxycycline, rifampicin, and ceftriaxone | 1 month | Symptom relief |
| 9 | Ibrahimagic et al18 | F | 49 | Papilledema, Cranial nerve VI palsy | History of frequent exposure to sheep | Headache, weakness and vomiting | - | - | - | - | Serum ELISA test was positive for Brucella | Doxycycline, rifampicin, and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole | 2 months | Asymptomatic |
| 10 | Tajdini et al19 | F | 25 | Papilledema (OS) | History of travel in rural areas | Chronic headache | - | - | 1:2650 | - | Brucella (capt test) was positive | Cefteriaxone, doxycycline and rifampin | 1 month | Asymptomatic |
| 11 | Akhondian et al20 | F | 11 | Papilledema (OS) | Consuming unpasteurized cheese | Fever, headache | - | - | - | Negative | CSF serologic was positive for Brucella | Gentamicin, Rifampin, trimoxazole and doxycycline | 3 months | Asymptomatic |
| 12 | Tugcu et al21 | F | 27 | Papilledema, Cranial nerve VI palsy (OU) | Living in a brucellosis endemic area | Headache | CF10cm/CF30cm | CF2m/CF2m | - | Negative | Wright agglutination test was positive for Brucella | Rifampin, doxycycline and cotrimoxazole | 3 months | Asymptomatic Optic atrophy |
| 13 | Sinopidis et al22 | M | 4 | Papilledema (OS) | Living in a brucellosis endemic area | Vomiting and headaches | - | - | - | - | Wright agglutination test was positive for Brucella | Gentamicin, doxycycline, cotrimoxazole and rifampicin | 4 months | Asymptomatic |
| 14 | Marques et al23 | F | 11 | Papilledema (OD) | Consumption of unpasteurized dairy products | Headache | 0.6/- | Vision recovery | 1:640 | - | CSF PCR was negative for Brucella | Doxycycline and rifampicin | 6 months | Asymptomatic |
| 15 | Sahin et al24 | F | 28 | Papilledema (OU), Cranial nerve VI palsy (OD) | Living in a brucellosis endemic area | Headache, fever, sweating and neck stiffness | 0.05/0.4 | 1.0/1.0 | 1:320 | Negative | CSF agglutination titer was positive for brucella | Rifampicin and doxycycline | 6 months | Asymptomatic |
| 16 | Sahin et al25 | F | 23 | Papilledema (OU), Cranial nerve VI palsy (OS) | Living in a brucellosis endemic area | Headache, nausea and vomiting | - | CF1m / CF1.5m | 1:160 | - | CSF Coombs agglutination test was positive for brucella | Rifampicin, doxycycline and cotrimoxazole | 6 months | Asymptomatic Optic atrophy |
| 17 | Tonekaboni et al26 | M | 13 | Normal (Optic chiasma compression) | Consumption of unpasteurized dairy products | Fever, loss of hearing and leg pain | NLP/- | CF0.5m /- | - | - | Wright agglutination test was positive for Brucella | Doxycycline, rifampin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin | 12 months | Asymptomatic No improvement of hearing |
| 18 | Vinod et al27 | M | 45 | Normal (Cerebral infarction) | History of contact with infected animals | Dry cough, headache, and fever | NLP/NLP | CF2foot/ CF2foot | 1:40 | Brucella species | CSF was negative for Brucella | Doxycycline, rifampicin and streptomycin | 1.5 months | Asymptomatic |
| 19 | Miyares et al28 | M | 35 | Papilledema (OU), Cranial nerve VI palsy (OS) | Living in a brucellosis endemic area | Headache | 1:640 | Negative | CSF was positive for Brucella | Doxycycline, streptomycin and rifampicin | 1.5 months | Optic atrophy | ||
| 20 | Karakurum et al29 | M | 38 | Papilledema (OS), Cranial nerve VI palsy (OS) | Living in a brucellosis endemic area | - | 0.1/1.0 | 0.5/1.0 | 1:1280 | - | CSF IgG and IgM was positive for Brucella | Ceftriaxone, rifampicin and doxycycline | 1 month | Asymptomatic |
| 21 | Levy et al30 | F | 6 | Papilledema (OU) | Consuming unpasteurized goat milk | Headache, fever and vomiting | - | 1.0/1.0 | 1:160 | Brucella species | CSF was positive for Brucella | Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, rifampin and doxycycline | 1 month | Asymptomatic |
| 22 | Karapinar et al31 | F | 15 | Normal | Living in a brucellosis endemic area | Fever | NLP/NLP | Normal | 1:40 | Brucella species | - | Rifampicin, doxycycline and streptomycin | 3 months | Asymptomatic |
| 23 | Tunc et al32 | M | 19 | Papilledema, Serous retinal detachment (OU) | Medical history of brucellosis | Fever, fatigue, headache | LP/LP | HM/HM | 1:640 | Negative | Rose-Bengal test was positive for Brucella, CSF culture was negative | Doxycycline, rifampin | - | Asymptomatic Optic atrophy |
| 24 | Þiftçi et al33 | F | 25 | - | Medical history of brucellosis | Headache, generalized weakness, amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea | - | - | 1:320 | Negative | CSF was positive for Brucella | Tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | 2.5 months | Asymptomatic |
| 25 | Esteavo et al34 | M | 8 | Cranial nerve VI palsy (OU) | His parents were shepherds | Headaches and vomiting | - | - | - | Brucella species | CSF was positive for Brucella | Rifampicin and doxycycline | 1.5 months | Asymptomatic |
| 26 | Elrazak et al35 | F | 13 | Papilledema (OS) | Consuming unpasteurized goat milk | Fever and headaches | 1.0/NLP | 1.0/1.0 | 1:640 | - | - | Tetracycline hydrochloride, Prednisone (2weeks) | 2 months | Asymptomatic |
| 27 | Guvenc et al36 | M | 4 | Papilledema (OS) | Living in a brucellosis endemic area | Weakness, fever, nausea and vomiting, headache | - | - | 1:320 | Negative | CSF was negative for Brucella | Tetracycline and streptomycin | 3 weeks | Asymptomatic |
| 28 | Diaz Espejo et al37 | F | 47 | Papilledema, Cranial nerve VI palsy (OU) |
Consuming unpasteurized goat milk | Headache | - | - | 1:400 | Negative | - | Doxycyclin and streptomycin | 3 months | Asymptomatic |
| 29 | Xi et al38 | F | 57 | Uveitis (OU) | She is the shepherd | Knee and waist pain | LP/ 2/3 | HM/ 2/3 | 1:25 | - | mNGS was positive for Brucella | Doxycycline and rifampicin | 3 months | Asymptomatic |
| 30 | AlMutairi et al39 | F | 31 | Uveitis (OU) | Consuming unpasteurized goat milk | Bilateral knee pain, fever, and upper respiratory infection | 0.2/0.05 | 0.5/0.125 | 1:80 | Negative | - | Doxycycline and rifampicin | 1.5 months | Asymptomatic |
| 31 | Adusumilli et al40 | M | 71 | Serous choroidal detachment (OU) | He is the shepherd | Fever with chills, malaise, and nausea | 0.25/0.25 | 1.0/1.0 | - | - | Brucella IgM antibody was positive | Rifampicin and doxycycline | 1.5 months | Asymptomatic |
| 32 | Oray et al41 | F | 26 | Uveitis (OS), Exudative retinal detachment (OS) | Consuming unpasteurized goat milk | Weight loss and fatigue | 1.0/0.6 | 1.0/0.1 | - | Positive | - | Doxycycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazol and rifampicin | 6 months | Asymptomatic |
| 33 | Al-Kharashi et al42 | M | 18 | Endogenous endophthalmitis (OS) | Living in a brucellosis endemic area | Fever and weakness | 1.0/CF | 1.0/0.13 | - | - | Vitreous sample was positive for Brucella | Doxycycline and rifampicin | 3 months | Asymptomatic |
| 34 | Akyol et al43 | F | 28 | Uveitis | Consuming unpasteurized goat milk | Backache and hip pain | - | - | 1:640 | Rifampicin and doxycycline | 2 months | Asymptomatic | ||
| 35 | Mohammadi et al44 | F | 7 | Uveitis (OS) | Consuming unpasteurized cheese | Wrist pain, fever and anorexia | 1.0/0.05 | 1.0/1.0 | - | - | 2-ME brucella test (1/160), Wright test (1/160) and Combs Wright (1/320) | Rifampin and sulfadiazine trimethoprim | 2 months | Asymptomatic |
| 36 | Rabinowitz et al45 | M | 39 | Uveitis (OU), Exudative retinal detachment (OU) | Consuming unpasteurized goat milk | - | 0.025/1.0 | 0.6/0.6 | 1:160 | Negative | - | Streptomycin sulfate and doxycycline | 1.5 months | Asymptomatic |
| 37 | Hatipoglu et al46 Case 1 |
F | 56 | Uveitis | Living in a brucellosis endemic area | Fever, knee and back pain | - | - | 1:640 | - | - | Streptomycin, rifampicin and doxycycline | 6 months | Asymptomatic |
| 37 | Hatipoglu et al46 Case 2 |
M | 30 | Uveitis | Living in a brucellosis endemic area | - | - | - | 1:2560 | - | - | Streptomycin and tetracycline | 3 months | Asymptomatic |
| 38 | Akduman et al47 | F | 16 | Uveitis (OU) | Consuming unpasteurized milk | Fever, sweating, malaise, joint and muscle pain | HM/HM | FC2m/FC 2m | 1:20 | - | Agglutination titer for aqueous humor was 1:40 and for vitreous was 1:640 | Doxycycline and Rifampicin | - | Optic nerve damage |
| 39 | Walker et al48 | M | 56 | Uveitis (OU) | Travel to many rural areas | Fevers, night sweats, and right upper quadrant pain | 0.4/0.5 | - | 1:640 | - | - | Tetracycline | 2 weeks | Asymptomatic |
| 40 | Gasser et al49 | F | 52 | Uveitis (OD) | Living in a brucellosis endemic area | Suspected tumor sited left breast. | 0.3/- | 0.7/- | 1:320 | - | Brucella found in necrotic material culture | Doxycycline and streptomycin | 1.5 months | Asymptomatic |
| 41 | Tabbara et al50 | F | 34 | Uveitis (OS) | Consuming unpasteurized milk | Headache, Paravertebral abscess | 1.0/0.2 | 1.0/0.3 | 1:1644 | Negative | Culture of paravertebral abscess showed Brucella | Streptomycin, doxycycline and rifamycin | 3 months | Asymptomatic Posterior lenticular subcapsular opacities |
| 42 | Rolando et al51 | F | 59 | Uveitis (OS), Exudative retinal detachment (OS) | Living in a brucellosis endemic area | Pain in lumbar spine, arthralgia, and fever | 0.5/FC | - | 1:1256 | - | - | Rifampin doxycycline and prednisone | 2 months | - |
| 43 | Lidgett et al52 | M | 24 | Uveitis (OD) | He is poultry farmer | Fever | 0.5/- | 1.0/- | 1:160 | - | - | Tetracycline hydrochloride and streptomycin | - | Asymptomatic |
| 44 | Bhasin et al53 | M | 33 | Cystoid macular edema (OU) | Living in a brucellosis endemic area | Fever with chills, itching all over body | 0.08/0.5 | 0.5/0.3 | - | - | Brucella antigen (IgG) was positive | Plasma exchange | - | Asymptomatic |
| 45 | Vempuluru et al54 | M | 58 | Canaliculitis (OD) | He is a farmer | - | - | - | - | - | Brucella was found in lacrimal duct pus and stone culture | Chloramphenicol | 1.5 months | Asymptomati |
| 46 | Imamura et al55 | M | 35 | Blepharoptosis (OS) | Travel history to Vietnam | Fever | - | - | - | Negative | IgG serum titer was elevated for Brucella at 0.91 mg/dL | Doxycycline | - | Asymptomatic |
| 47 | Bekir et al56 | M | 16 | Dacryoadenitis (OD) | Medical history of brucellosis | Fever, malaise, generalized arthralgia, sweating and low back pain | 1.0/1.0 | - | 1:640 | Negative | Brucella can be seen in lacrimal gland secretion culture | Rifampin and doxycyclin | 3 months | Asymptomatic |