Table A.4.

Summary of main findings:

Perceived needs
	Patients-caregivers	Clinicians
Current exposure	Patients and caregivers used digital health applications largely for lifestyle modification purposes.	Clinicians looked at health applications as tools for specific purposes such as diet applications or those monitoring body mass indices with user-friendly interfaces, or applications that enabled guided meditation techniques for beginners, or apps used for research purposes.
Perspectives on content of a mental health application	Preference for an app asking details on symptoms in the form of a flow of questions, which probes the nature of symptoms to arrive at a ‘solution’ or steps that they can take, as also an application that can raise an alarm in emergency situations (e.g., the ‘panic button’ feature).	Expected an app to inquire into a patient’s ‘target symptoms’, particularly in schizophrenia, as also warning signs and symptoms that need more urgent attention than others, given the workload on clinicians; Also interested to know the granular details of patient’s mood and feelings through the application
Medication side effects	They wanted to know through an app, if an adverse symptom is due to the illness or the medication	Expressed an interest in knowing the details of how medications were exactly consumed (e.g., dosage times, any stoppage of medication intake), nature of side effects, and their timely reporting through the app
Mental health promotion	Expected an application to guide them on maintaining a daily routine of activities to keep mental balance and provide the right information to reduce irrational beliefs and superstitions around mental disorders.	Curious about the specific details of patients’ daily activities (e.g., sleep and activity habits) to understand the possible effects on mental health; Regarded the caregivers as key point persons for transfer of mental health knowledge via an application, and encouraged caregivers to verify the information filled in by patients in the app.
Improvement in clinical working conditions	–	Found app utility, for instance, with reference to logging of patient history across previous visits to save time in documentation and using app intelligence to achieve the same; technological support in clinical operations such as sharing of reports, images or videos; enhancing direct doctor-patient communication on the status of symptoms through a question-answer format in easy ‘patient’s language’; and providing educational material to caregivers to reduce their burden in managing the patient’s illness.
Data Privacy	Expressed a general agreement on the use of their personal data, if the purpose of using that data was clarified by the application, for instance, if the app used personal data to offer customized suggestions to seek mental health care; and due permission was taken before accessing their private information.	–
General application qualities	All participant groups agreed that the application should have a language that is ‘non-medical’ and easy to follow for the patient to maximise its usage (besides translation into a local language), with a simple interface that does not demand user effort and directly provides the information that is sought by the user, particularly the specific information needed in emergency situations (e.g., in case of medicines), and the application should not put additional steps or conditions for users to obtain the desired information. We also learned that these qualities are important considering the shared use of such applications between patients and their older caregivers who may have lesser technological or smartphone know-how.
Perceived barriers
	Patients-caregivers	Clinicians
	1. Emphasized a threat to data privacy if personal data was directly accessed from contacts, photos or other sections of their phones and/or shared with third-parties without due permission.	1. Do not seem to have complete trust in patients’ self-reporting and need caregiver verification, even though they encouraged patients to report symptoms 2. Perceive that capturing variation in routine patient history/symptoms, which is important in psychiatric care, maybe challenging through an application 3. Their direct interaction with caregivers via an app, could be limited due to government hospital constraints although they deem caregiver engagement to be very important.
	All participant groups discouraged the use of heavy, medical or technical language to facilitate app-based interaction between the patient/caregiver and doctor, which may reduce the end-user’s involvement in the application.