Table 1.

MR estimates from different methods of assessing the causal association between SUA on 25(OH)D step by step.

	Step#	No. of SNP	IVW		MR-Egger		Weighted median		Weighted mode
			β (Se)	p-value	β (Se)	p-value	β (Se)	p-value	β (Se)	p-value
SUA and 25(OH)D.	1	24	−0.0352 (0.0149)	0.0178	−0.00458 (0.0263)	0.863	−0.00179 (0.00879)	0.838	−0.00622 (0.00884)		0.489
	2	21	−0.0433 (0.0167)	0.00940	−0.0139 (0.0319)	0.668	−0.00199 (0.0109)	0.854	−0.00799 (0.0102)		0.444
	4	19	−0.0524 (0.0149)	<0.001	−0.0887 (0.0471)	0.0770	−0.0629 (0.0150)	<0.001	−0.0602 (0.0198)		0.00718
25(OH)D and SUA	1	76	0.0139 (0.0635)	0.826	0.0671 (0.108)	0.537	0.0933 (0.0495)	0.0598	0.0562 (0.0463)		0.228
	2	67	0.0212 (0.0676)	0.754	0.0607 (0.114)	0.597	0.113 (0.0497)	0.0228	0.0523 (0.0470)		0.270
	3	66	0.0707 (0.0409)	0.0840	0.0554 (0.0688)	0.423	0.115 (0.0517)	0.0261	0.0596 (0.0498)		0.236
	4	65	0.0614 (0.0389)	0.115	0.0633 (0.0653)	0.336	0.113 (0.0494)	0.0228	0.0608 (0.0459)		0.190

Step #: 1. MR analysis with the complete selected SNPs; 2. MR analysis after removing the SNPs, which are associated with confounding factors; 3. MR analysis after excluding the influential SNPs identified in “leave-one-out” sensitivity analysis; 4. MR analysis after removing the outlier SNPs (with p-value less than threshold in MR-PRESSO outlier test). 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; β, beta coefficient; Se, standard error; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; MR, Mendelian randomization; IVW, inverse-variance weighting.