TABLE 1.

Changes in sensorimotor skills, based on the results of the reviewed space and HDBR studies. Results regarding behavioral performance are summarized task wise. Results are presented for pre versus in-flight/in-HDBR comparisons or during in-flight/in-HDBR as Changes IN space/HDBR, while pre versus post-flight/post-HDBR comparisons are presented as Changes AFTER space/HDBR. Number of subjects, duration of in-flight/in-HDBR are also presented. The presence or absence of pre/in/post measures and control studies (ctrl) are marked with Y (yes), N (no) in each case. Please note that follow-up measures are not included in this table. Studies based on spaceflight missions are illustrated with light-gray background. Studies based on HDBR exposure are illustrated with white background. Additional notes: ↑ (=performance improvement); ↓ (=performance deterioration); ↔ (=unchanged performance); n.m. (=no measurement); n.a. (=not analyzed). For consistency in the presentation of results, the uncorrected findings are reported from the Koppelmans et al. (2015) study.

Cognitive test	Changes IN space/HDBR	Changes AFTER space/HDBR	Subjects	Duration	Pre	In	Post	Ctrl	Authors
Tracking tasks
Unstable tracking	↓	↔	1	8 days	Y	Y	Y	N	Manzey et al. (1993),
									Manzey et al. (1995)*
	↓	↓	1	438 days	Y	Y	Y	N	Manzey et al. (1998)
	↓	↓	1	20 days	Y	Y	Y	N	Manzey et al. (2000)
	↔/↑**	n.a	4	16 days	Y	Y	Y	N	Eddy et al. (1998)
	↓	↔	3	half year	Y	Y	Y	N	Bock et al. (2010)
	n.m	↔	8	half year	Y	N	Y	Y	Moore et al. (2019)
	↔	↔	5	half year	Y	Y	Y	N	Petit et al. (2019)
	↔	↔	8	16 days	Y	Y	Y	N	Shehab et al. (1998)
Fittsberg	↓	↔	4	8 days	Y	Y	Y	Y	Newman and Lathan (1999)
Pursuit tracking	↔	↔	4–6	16 days	Y	Y	Y	N	Bock et al. (2001),
									Fowler et al. (2000)*
	n.m	↔	14	half year	Y	N	Y	N	Kornilova et al. (2016)
	↑	↔	18	30 days	Y	Y	Y	N	DeRoshia and Greenleaf (1993)
Pointing arm movement	↓	↔	4	16 days	Y	Y	Y	N	Bock et al. (2001)
	↓	↔	3	10–172 days	Y	Y	Y	N	Berger et al. (1997)
Motor praxis	↔	↓	1	1 year	Y	Y	Y	Y	Garrett-Bakelman et al. (2019)
	↓	↔	8	60 days	Y	Y	Y	N	Basner et al. (2021)
Purdue/Grooved pegboard	n.m	↓	15	half year	Y	N	Y	N	Tays et al. (2021)
	n.m	↓	8	half year	Y	N	Y	Y	Moore et al. (2019)
	n.m	↓	13	half year	Y	N	Y	N	Mulavara et al. (2018)
	n.m	↔	19	70 days	Y	N	Y	N	Mulavara et al. (2018)
	↑	↑	10	70 days	Y	Y	Y	Y	Koppelmans et al. (2015)
	↔	n.a	8	60 days	Y	Y	Y	N	Tays et al. (2022)
Driving simulation	n.m		8	half year	Y	N	Y	Y	Moore et al. (2019)
Mountain road		↓
Cone course		↔

*The results of the same study are reported in several articles.

**Different results belong to different subjects.