TABLE 5.

Changes in executive functions, based on the results of the reviewed space and HDBR studies. Results regarding behavioral performance are summarized task wise. Results are presented for pre versus in-flight/in-HDBR comparisons or during in-flight/in-HDBR as Changes IN space/HDBR, while pre versus post-flight/post-HDBR comparisons are presented as Changes AFTER space/HDBR. Number of subjects, duration of in-flight/in-HDBR are also presented. The presence or absence of pre/in/post measures and control studies (ctrl) are marked with Y (yes), N (no) in each case. Please note that follow-up measures are not included in this table. Studies based on spaceflight missions are illustrated with light-gray background. Studies based on HDBR exposure are illustrated with white background. Additional notes: ↑ (=performance improvement); ↓ (=performance deterioration); ↔ (=unchanged performance); n.m. (=no measurement); n.a. (=not analyzed).

Cognitive test	Changes IN space/HDBR	Changes AFTER space/HDBR	Subjects	Duration	Pre	In	Post	Ctrl	Authors
Stroop	↔	↔	1	6 days	Y	Y	Y	N	Benke et al. (1993b)
	↔	↔	3	11 days	Y	Y	Y	Y	Pattyn et al. (2009),
									Pattyn et al. (2005)*
Abstract matching	↔	↓	1	1 year	Y	Y	Y	Y	Garrett-Bakelman et al. (2019)
	↔	↔	8	60 days	Y	Y	Y	N	Basner et al. (2021)
2-back	↔	↓	1	1 year	Y	Y	Y	Y	Garrett-Bakelman et al. (2019)
	↔	↔	8	60 days	Y	Y	Y	N	Basner et al. (2021)
	↑	↑	22	60 days	Y	Y	Y	Y	Lipnicki et al. (2009a)
BART	↔	↓	1	1 year	Y	Y	Y	Y	Garrett-Bakelman et al. (2019)
	↔	↔	8	60 days	Y	Y	Y	N	Basner et al. (2021)
	↔	↔	16	45 days	Y	Y	Y	N	Rao et al. (2014)
Flanker	↑	↑	19	60 days	Y	Y	Y	Y	Lipnicki et al. (2009a)
Iowa Gambling			20–25	60 days					Lipnicki et al. (2009a),
									Lipnicki et al. (2009b)*
1	↔	n.m.			Y	Y	N	N
2	n.m.	↑**			N	Y	Y	N

*The results of the same study are reported in several articles.

**Post versus in-HDBR comparison.