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. 2022 Dec 27;12:22402. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26650-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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PD-L1 and CD68 are upregulated in peripheral lungs from GOLD 1–2 COPD patients. Digital spatial PD-L1 protein expression in alveoli (A), vessel (B) and bronchioles (C) from never smokers (NS), smokers, and GOLD 1–2 and GOLD 3–4 COPD patients. Results were shown as means ± SEM. The statistical tests used in these analyses was one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni's posttest. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001. Digital spatial CD-68 protein expression in alveoli (D), vessel (E) and bronchioles (F) from never smokers (NS), smokers, and GOLD 1–2 and GOLD 3–4 COPD patients. Results were shown as means ± SEM. The statistical tests used in these analyses was one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni's posttest. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. Digital spatial CD-163 protein expression in alveoli (G), vessel (H) and bronchioles (I) from never smokers (NS), smokers, and GOLD 1–2 and GOLD 3–4 COPD patients. Results were shown as means ± SEM. The statistical tests used in these analyses was one-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni's posttest. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.