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. 2022 Dec 27;12:22402. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26650-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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PD-L1 is overexpressed in peripheral lung AMs from GOLD 1–2 COPD patients: Immunofluorescence analysis of PD-L1 expression in CD68⁺ AMs in peripheral lungs from Cohort 1. (A) representative immunofluorescence pictures showing CD68+ (green, as a marker of macrophages) and PD-L1+ (red) cells. Nuclear DNA was labeled with DAPI (blue). (B) Mean fluorescence intensity of PD-L1 in alveoli from never-smokers (NS), smokers without COPD, GOLD 1–2 and 3–4 COPD patients. (C) mean fluorescence intensity of PD-L1 in vessels from never-smokers (NS), smokers without COPD, GOLD 1–2 and 3–4 COPD patients. (D) Mean fluorescence intensity of PD-L1 in bronchioles from never-smokers (NS), smokers without COPD, GOLD 1–2 and 3–4 COPD patients. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.