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. 2022 Dec 27;12:22402. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26650-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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PD-L1 expression directly correlates with lung function and with CD68 expression: Correlation between total spatial PD-L1 expression levels and post-FEV1 (% predicted) (A) and spatial PD-L1 and CD68 expression levels (B) across all the COPD patients. Results were shown as means ± SEM. Red squares indicate GOLD 1–2 COPD patients. (C) the correlation between spatial PD-L1 expression and post-FEV1 (% predicted) in bronchioles across all the subjects’ groups is shown. The statistical tests used in these analyses was Spearman correlation test considering 95% confidence interval.