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. 2022 Dec 27;12:22402. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26650-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Similar PD-L1 expression in AMs from patients with GOLD 1–2 COPD and patients with NSCLC. Immunofluorescence analysis of PD-L1 expression by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) AMs from Cohort 2. (A) empty symbols represent never-smokers (NS); yellow symbols represent subjects who stopped smoking > 1 year prior to the study; red symbols represent current smokers at the time of the study. (B) representative immunofluorescence pictures showing CD68+ (green, as a marker of macrophages) and PD-L1+ (red) cells in bronchoalveolar lavage from all the cohort 2 study subjects. Nuclear DNA was labeled with DAPI (blue). Confocal microscopy was performed with 60X and 100X objectives. The insets show CD68 + alveolar macrophages (AMs) that were positive (NS + NSCLC, smokers + NSCLC, and GOLD 1–2 COPD) or negative (NS, smokers, GOLD 3–4 COPD) for PD-L1.