Table 1.
NS | Smokers | GOLD 1–2 | GOLD 3–4 | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
COPD | COPD | ||||
Total partecipants (N) | 4 | 5 | 3 | 7 | |
Age | 63 (8) | 76 (6) | 70 (7) | 65 (5) | NS |
Gender (M/F) | 2/2 | 3/2 | 2/1 | 5/2 | NS |
Smoking history (pack years) | 0 | 30 (15) | 30 (10) | 44 (33) | < 0.001* |
Smoking habit (current/former smoker) | 0/4 | 1/4 | 0/3 | 0/7 | NS |
FEV1 (% predicted) | 91% (16) | 94% (19) | 67 (16) | 29% (18) | < 0.001# |
FEV/FVC | 88 (5) | 78 (4) | 71 (8) | 38 (21) | < 0.001# |
Comorbidities | 7 | 3 | 1 | 8 | |
Hypertension (%) | 3 (75%) | 2 (50%) | 0 | 3 (43%) | NS |
Other cardiovascluar diseases (%) | 2 (50%) | 1 (25%) | 1 (33%) | 4 (57%) | NS |
Diabetes Mellitus (%) | 2 (50%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (14%) | NS |
Medications | 1 | 2 | 16 | ||
Inhaled corticosteroids (N, %) | 0 | 0 | 1 (33%) | 5 (71%) | < 0.05+ |
LABA/SABA/LAMA (N, %) | 0 | 0 | 1 (33%) | 7 (100%) | < 0.05+ |
Oral corticosteroids (N, %) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 (43%) | < 0.05+ |
Ca+-antagonists (N, %) | 1 (25%) | 0 | 0 | 1 (14%) | NS |
Data are mean ± SD, unless specified.
NS = Never-smokers; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GOLD: global initiative for chronic lung diseases.
LABA: Long-acting beta-agonists; SABA: short-acting beta-agonists; LAMA: long-acting muscarinic agents; ACEi: ACE-inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers.
*p value = smokers, GOLD 1–2 COPD, and GOLD 3–4 COPD versus NS.
#p value = GOLD 3–4 COPD versus all the groups, and GOLD 1–2 versus NS, by definition. GOLD 1–2 versus smokers = 0.06.
+GOLD 3–4 COPD versus controls.
Significant values are in bold.