Table 1.

Laboratory biomarkers associated with immune system, injury of different organ systems, disease severity and mortality in patients with COVID19.

System	Laboratory Biomarkers	COVID19 Outcome (Mortality/Severity)	Change	References(systematic reviews/meta-analysis)
Immune System	CRP	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Alnor et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020b; Tian et al., 2020; Kermali et al., 2020; Borges Do Nascimento et al., 2020; Elshazli et al., 2020; Walker et al., 2020; Yamada et al., 2020; Huang et al., 2020; Mudatsir et al., 2020; Malik et al., 2021; Iwamura et al., 2021; Hariyanto et al., 2021; Lim et al., 2021; Melo et al., 2021; Chaudhary et al., 2021; Ikeagwulonu et al., 2021; Yitbarek et al., 2021; Mosquera-Sulbaran et al., 2021; Alzahrani and Al-Rabia, 2021; Bhowmik et al., 2022; Cao et al., 2022)
	IL4	Severity	↑	(Cao et al., 2022)
	IL6	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Kermali et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020c; Elshazli et al., 2020; Walker et al., 2020; Coomes and Haghbayan, 2020; Mudatsir et al., 2020; Iwamura et al., 2021; Melo et al., 2021; Udomsinprasert et al., 2021; Chaudhary et al., 2021; Zawawi et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2021a; Alzahrani and Al-Rabia, 2021; Luo et al., 2022; Jafrin et al., 2022; Cao et al., 2022)
	IL8	Severity	↑	(Zawawi et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2021a)
	IL10	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Udomsinprasert et al., 2021; Zawawi et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2021a; Jafrin et al., 2022; Cao et al., 2022)
	TNF	Severity	↑	(Zawawi et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2021a)
	C3	Mortality & Severity	↓	(Zinellu and Mangoni, 2021b)
	C4	Mortality & Severity	↓	(Zinellu and Mangoni, 2021b)
	CD3+ T cells	N/A	↓	(Iwamura et al., 2021)
	CD4+ T cells	N/A	↓	(Iwamura et al., 2021)
	aPL	Severity	↑	(Taha and Samavati, 2021)
	IFN-α	N/A	↑	(Da Silva et al., 2021)
	Vitamin D	N/A	↓	(Munshi et al., 2021)
	PCT	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Zheng et al., 2020; Huang et al., 2020; Zare et al., 2020; Malik et al., 2021; Melo et al., 2021; Iwamura et al., 2021; Hariyanto et al., 2021; Ahmed et al., 2021a)
	Serum amyloid A	Severity	↑	(Kermali et al., 2020; Cao et al., 2022)
	ESR	Severity	↑	(Mudatsir et al., 2020; Iwamura et al., 2021)
	Prealbumin	Mortality & Severity	↓	(Zinellu and Mangoni, 2021c)
	Calprotectin	Severity	↑	(Udeh et al., 2021)
	Presepsin	Severity	↑	(Ahmed et al., 2021b)
	OAS1	N/A	↓	(Luo et al., 2022)
Pediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (PMIS)	CRP	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Yasuhara et al., 2020; Abrams et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2021c; Tang et al., 2021)
	D-dimer	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Yasuhara et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2021c; Tang et al., 2021)
	PCT	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Huang et al., 2020; Tang et al., 2021)
	Lymphocytes count	Mortality & Severity	↓	(Yasuhara et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2021c; Tang et al., 2021)
	Platelet count	Mortality & Severity	↓	(Zhao et al., 2021c)
	Neutrophil count	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Zhao et al., 2021c; Tang et al., 2021)
	WBC count	Severity	↑	(Zhao et al., 2021c)
	Ferritin	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Zhao et al., 2021c; Tang et al., 2021)
	ESR	Severity	↑	(Zhao et al., 2021c; Tang et al., 2021)
	IL6	Severity	↑	(Abrams et al., 2020; Tang et al., 2021)
	Fibrinogen	Severity	↑	(Abrams et al., 2020)
	BNP	Severity	↑	(Zhao et al., 2021b)
	LDH	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Zhao et al., 2021c)
Hematology	WBC count	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Alnor et al., 2020; Yamada et al., 2020; Elshazli et al., 2020; Mudatsir et al., 2020; Xiang et al., 2021b; Chua et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2021a; Suklan et al., 2021; Melo et al., 2021)
	Neutrophil count	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Alnor et al., 2020; Elshazli et al., 2020; Chua et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2021a; Lim et al., 2021; Suklan et al., 2021; Melo et al., 2021; Cao et al., 2022)
	Lymphocytes count	Mortality & Severity	↓	(Alnor et al., 2020; Kermali et al., 2020; Borges Do Nascimento et al., 2020; Figliozzi et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020b; Huang and Pranata, 2020; Suklan et al., 2021; Malik et al., 2021; Xiang et al., 2021b; Iwamura et al., 2021; Lim et al., 2021) (Zhang et al., 2020b; Figliozzi et al., 2020; Malik et al., 2021; Xiang et al., 2021b; Melo et al., 2021) (Alnor et al., 2020; Kermali et al., 2020; Borges Do Nascimento et al., 2020; Huang and Pranata, 2020; Mudatsir et al., 2020; Suklan et al., 2021; Malik et al., 2021; Melo et al., 2021; Iwamura et al., 2021; Cao et al., 2022)
	NLR	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Kermali et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020b; Alkhatip et al., 2021; Ulloque-Badaracco et al., 2021b; Simadibrata et al., 2021; Sarkar et al., 2022a; Sarkar et al., 2022b; Bhowmik et al., 2022; Parthasarathi et al., 2022)
	Platelet count	Mortality & Severity	↓	(Alnor et al., 2020; Kermali et al., 2020; Terpos et al., 2020; Suklan et al., 2021; Malik et al., 2021; Xiang et al., 2021b; Pranata et al., 2021)
	Hemoglobin	Severity	↓	(Alnor et al., 2020)
	Ferritin	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Taneri et al., 2020; Huang et al., 2020; Melo et al., 2021; Chaudhary et al., 2021; Kaushal et al., 2022)
	Fibrinogen	Severity	↑	(Zhang et al., 2020a; Rostami et al., 2021; Chaudhary et al., 2021)
	FDPs	Severity	↑	(Rostami et al., 2021)
	D-dimer	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Alnor et al., 2020; Kermali et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2020; Figliozzi et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2020; Paliogiannis et al., 2020; Elshazli et al., 2020; Terpos et al., 2020; Ji et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020a; Rostami and Mansouritorghabeh, 2020; Duz et al., 2020; Simadibrata and Lubis, 2020; Sakka et al., 2020; Lima et al., 2020; Rostami et al., 2021; Malik et al., 2021; Chua et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2021a; Xiang et al., 2021a; Zhao et al., 2021a; Varikasuvu et al., 2021; Hariyanto et al., 2021; Nugroho et al., 2021; Woller et al., 2022)
	PT	Severity	↑	(Elshazli et al., 2020; Terpos et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020a; Liu et al., 2021a; Xiang et al., 2021a)
	RDW	Severity	↑	(Lee et al., 2021; Zinellu and Mangoni, 2021a)
	ABO	N/A	↑	(Luo et al., 2022)
Endothelial dysfunction	MR-proADM	Severity	↑	(Lampsas et al., 2021)
	E-selectin	Severity	↑	(Lampsas et al., 2021)
	VCAM-1	Severity	↑	(Lampsas et al., 2021)
	VWF-Ag	Severity	↑	(Lampsas et al., 2021; Andrianto et al., 2021)
	Ang-2	Severity	↑	(Lampsas et al., 2021)
	T-PA	Severity	↑	(Andrianto et al., 2021)
	PAI-1	Severity	↑	(Andrianto et al., 2021)
	sTM	Severity	↑	(Andrianto et al., 2021)
Cardiac Injury	Cardiac troponin	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Kermali et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2020; Vakhshoori et al., 2020b; Toraih et al., 2020; Parohan et al., 2020; Shoar et al., 2020; Rathore et al., 2021; Alzahrani and Al-Rabia, 2021; Wibowo et al., 2021)
	TnT	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Alzahrani and Al-Rabia, 2021)
	Tnl	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Li et al., 2020a; Parohan et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020c; Zheng et al., 2020; Ma et al., 2021; Zhu et al., 2021)
	NT-proBNP	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Li et al., 2020a; Ramadan et al., 2021; Dalia et al., 2021)
	BNP	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Shoar et al., 2020; Rathore et al., 2021)
	CK	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Parohan et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020c; Shoar et al., 2020; Malik et al., 2021; Zhu et al., 2021)
	CK-MB	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Li et al., 2020c; Zhu et al., 2021; Dalia et al., 2021; Alzahrani and Al-Rabia, 2021; Zinellu et al., 2021c)
	Myoglobin	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Parohan et al., 2020; Ma et al., 2021; Zhu et al., 2021)
	LDH	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Alnor et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020b; Kermali et al., 2020; Parohan et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020c; Shoar et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2020; Suklan et al., 2021; Malik et al., 2021; Zhu et al., 2021; Hariyanto et al., 2021; Lim et al., 2021)
	IL6	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Alzahrani and Al-Rabia, 2021)
	CRP	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Alzahrani and Al-Rabia, 2021)
	HBDH	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Zinellu et al., 2021a)
	ApoA1	Mortality & Severity	↓	(Ulloque-Badaracco et al., 2021a)
	ApoB	Severity	↓	(Ulloque-Badaracco et al., 2021a)
Liver Injury	AST	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Alnor et al., 2020; Borges Do Nascimento et al., 2020; Toraih et al., 2020; Zheng et al., 2020; Ahmed et al., 2020; Abdulla et al., 2020; Shokri Afra et al., 2020; Aziz et al., 2020b; Suklan et al., 2021; Malik et al., 2021; Kovalic et al., 2021; Ye et al., 2021; Zarifian et al., 2021)
	ALT	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Borges Do Nascimento et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2020; Ahmed et al., 2020; Abdulla et al., 2020; Shokri Afra et al., 2020; Aziz et al., 2020b; Suklan et al., 2021; Malik et al., 2021; Ye et al., 2021; Zarifian et al., 2021)
	Albumin	Mortality & Severity	↓	(Tian et al., 2020; Aziz et al., 2020a; Kovalic et al., 2021; Hariyanto et al., 2021; Ye et al., 2021)
	Bilirubin	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Ahmed et al., 2020; Abdulla et al., 2020; Shokri Afra et al., 2020; Aziz et al., 2020b; Kovalic et al., 2021; Ye et al., 2021; Zarifian et al., 2021)
	LDH	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Alnor et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020b; Kermali et al., 2020; Suklan et al., 2021; Malik et al., 2021; Ye et al., 2021)
Kidney Injury	Creatinine	Mortality & Severity	↑	(Zheng et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2020; Malik et al., 2021)
	BUN	Severity	↑	(Vakhshoori et al., 2020a; Tian et al., 2020)
	Albumin	Mortality & Severity	↓	(Tian et al., 2020; Aziz et al., 2020a; Kovalic et al., 2021; Hariyanto et al., 2021; Ye et al., 2021)
Lung Injury	KL-6	Severity	↑	(Pramana Witarto et al., 2021; Naderi and Rahimzadeh, 2022)

*Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Point-of-Care (POC), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), immunoglobulin A (IgA), C-reactive protein (CRP), antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL), Type I interferons (IFN-I)-alpha (IFN-α), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Fibrinogen (fibrin) degradation products (FDPs), interleukin-4 (IL4), interleukin-6 (IL6), interleukin-8 (IL8), interleukin-10 (IL10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Creatine kinase (CK), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), creatine kinase-myocardial bound (CK-MB), cardiac troponin T (TnT), cardiac troponin I (TnI), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), prothrombin time (PT), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), complement component 3 (C3), complement component 4 (C4), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), ApoliproteinA1 (ApoA1), ApoliproteinB (ApoB), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), von Willebrand Factor antigen (VWF-Ag), tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen (PAI-1) antigen, soluble thrombomodulin (sTM), hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH), procalcitonin (PCT), Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), histo-blood group ABO system transferase (ABO), 2’-5’ oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS1), white blood cell (WBC), mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM-1), Von Willebrand Factor Antigen (VWF-Ag), Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen (PAI-1) antigen, soluble thrombomodulin (sTM). "↑" refers to increased levels of specific biomarkers, while symbol "↓" refers to decreased levels of specific biomarkers listed in the Table 1.