Table 2.
Comparison of neuropsychometric evaluations
| Study group (n = 50) | Control group (n = 50) | U | Z | p | d | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median [IQR] |
Mean ± SD | Median [IQR] |
Mean ± SD | |||||
| Global cognitive functions | ||||||||
| MoCA |
25 [21–30] |
25.1 ± 2.47 |
27 [23–30] |
26.96 ± 1.76 | 703.5 | − 3.801 | 0.000 | 0.867 |
| Clock Drawing |
4 [2–4] |
3.64 ± 0.59 |
4 [3–4] |
3.92 ± 0.29 | 969 | − 2.842 | 0.004 | 0.602 |
| Memory functions | ||||||||
| Ö-VMPT Learning |
123.5 [73–148] |
121.36 ± 15.02 |
135 [115–146] |
132.58 ± 7.34 | 614.5 | − 4.385 | 0.000 | 0.949 |
| Ö-VMPT Delayed Recall |
12.5 [7–15] |
12.26 ± 1.96 |
13 [12–15] |
13.44 ± 1.05 | 816.5 | − 3.053 | 0.002 | 0.750 |
| Ö-VMPT Recognition |
2 [0–7] |
2.32 ± 1.75 |
1 [0–3] |
1.42 ± 1.01 | 882 | − 2.604 | 0.009 | 0.629 |
| Attention functions | ||||||||
| Digits Forward |
5.5 [3–8] |
5.78 ± 1.32 |
6 [4–8] |
5.98 ± 1.05 | 1125 | − 0.889 | 0.374 | 0.167 |
| Digits Backward |
4 [2–7] |
4.34 ± 1.09 |
4 [3–7] |
4.88 ± 0.81 | 1101.5 | − 1.106 | 0.269 | 0.562 |
| Executive functions | ||||||||
| *Semantic fluency |
23 [8.35] |
22.90 ± 4.73 |
23.5 [14–40] |
23.90 ± 5.37 | − 0.989 | 98 | 0.325 | 0.197 |
| *Phonemic fluency |
40.5 [16–82] |
43.18 ± 15.72 |
50 [32–71] |
50.36 ± 9.28 | − 2.781 | 98 | 0.006 | 0.556 |
| Stroop Time |
29.5 [12–126] |
34.04 ± 19.20 |
30.5 [5–96] |
33.54 ± 15.03 | 1130 | − 0.828 | 0.480 | 0.029 |
| Stroop Error |
0 [0–5] |
0.58 ± 1.14 |
0 [0–3] |
0.24 ± 0.59 | 1102 | − 1.387 | 0.165 | 0.374 |
| TMT-A |
33 [15–97] |
34.54 ± 14.25 |
27 [13–49] |
28.12 ± 7.82 | 898 | − 2.429 | 0.015 | 0.558 |
| TMT-B |
69.5 [33–246] |
81.94 ± 41.60 |
63.5 [35–166] |
70 ± 25.76 | 1048 | − 1.393 | 0.164 | 0.345 |
| Visual perceptual functions | ||||||||
| ROCF Copy |
36 [26.5–36] |
35 ± 1.66 |
36 [34–36] |
35.6 ± 0.67 | 990 | − 2.058 | 0.040 | 0.474 |
| ROCF Immediate Recall |
21.5 [7.5–31] |
19.97 ± 5.62 |
23.5 [14.33] |
23.63 ± 14.34 | 767 | − 3.340 | 0.002 | 0.336 |
| *ROCF Delayed Recall |
21.75 [10–35] |
20.65 ± 5.48 |
24.5 [13–33] |
24.51 ± 4.77 | − 2.465 | 98 | 0.000 | 0.751 |
| NPI |
12.50 [0–60] |
13.66 ± 11.47 |
6 [0–25] |
6.74 ± 7.04 | 751 | − 3.464 | 0.001 | 0.727 |
Mann–Whitney U test—IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation; d: Cohen's d; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale; Ö-VMPT: Öktem Verbal Memory Process Test; TMT-A and -B: Trail Making Test A and B; ROCF: Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure; NPI: Neuropsychiatric Inventory
*Data were analyzed with “two-sample t-test” and shown as “t” instead of “U,” “df” instead of “Z”