Figure 4.

Performance comparison between the two-stage CephNet and one-stage cNet. (A) Loss and accuracy of LocationNet on training and validation data set for S (Sella); (B) loss and accuracy of the cNet on training and validation data set for 28 landmarks; (C) qualitative results for 28 landmarks on test data set by two-stage network, and all error vectors referring to SN were drawn relative to the ground-truth landmark positions of the respective cephalogram; (D) qualitative results for 28 landmarks on test dataset by cNet. For the accuracy, and the landmark prediction error ≤2 mm was defined as true perdition. Train_acc: training accuracy; Train_loss: training loss; Val_ acc: validation accuracy; Val_ loss: validation loss.