Table 3.
Comparison of empirical clusters based on TCI-NS and TCI-HA dimensions
| Prototypic ↑↑HA / ↓NS | Atypic ↑HA / NS | t / χ2 / Fisher’s exact test1 | pa | d / ϕ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 338 (59%) | n = 237 (41%) | ||||
| n (%) / mean (SD) | n (%) / mean (SD) | ||||
| Sociodemographics | |||||
| sex (female) | 202 (59.8%) | 135 (57%) | 0.41 | .521 | .03 |
| age | 38.56 (12.58) | 45.95 (14.70) | 6.30 | < .001 | .55 |
| current partnership (yes) | 151 (46.7%) | 124 (56.1%) | 4.60 | .032* | .09 |
| education (at least high school) | 208 (61.5%) | 157 (66.2%) | 1.33 | .249 | .05 |
| children (yes) | 86 (25.7%) | 114 (48.5%) | 31.63 | < .001 | .24 |
| smoking (yes) | 67 (19.8%) | 52 (21.9%) | 0.55 | .456 | .03 |
| SAD characteristics | |||||
| SPIN | 43.85 (10.33) | 38.01 (10.40) | 6.65 | < .001 | .56 |
| SAD generalized | 275 (86.2%) | 190 (86.4%) | 0.69 | .707 | .04 |
| Former SAD treatment | |||||
| Psychotherapeutic / psychiatric | 172 (50.9%) | 108 (45.6%) | 1.58 | .209 | .05 |
| medical | 96 (68.6%) | 42 (47.7%) | 9.82 | .002 | .21 |
| Family psychiatric history | |||||
| Any psychiatric disorder | 105 (31.1%) | 88 (37.1%) | 2.30 | .129 | .06 |
| SAD | 15 (4.4%) | 16 (6.8%) | 1.46 | .227 | .05 |
| Comorbidities b | |||||
| Panic disorder | 94 (28.1%) | 61 (26.4%) | 0.19 | .665 | .02 |
| Agoraphobia | 125 (37.5%) | 82 (35.2%) | 0.33 | .569 | .02 |
| GAD | 57 (17.0%) | 29 (12.3%) | 2.37 | .123 | .06 |
| Specific phobia | 101 (30.1%) | 77 (32.8%) | 0.47 | .492 | .03 |
| Any anxiety disorder | 209 (61.8%) | 141 (59.5%) | 0.86 | .320 | .02 |
| PTSD | 5 (1.5%) | 2 (0.8%) | N/A1 | .706 | .03 |
| MDD | 272 (80.5%) | 172 (72.9%) | 4.57 | .032* | .09 |
| APD | 251 (74.5%) | 137 (58.1%) | 25.66 | < .001 | .21 |
| Alcohol-related disorder | 74 (21.9%) | 65 (27.4%) | 2.33 | .127 | .06 |
| Substance-related | 78 (23.1%) | 68 (28.7%) | 2.32 | .128 | .06 |
| Substance-related (cannabis) | 1 (0.17%) | 5 (0.87%) | N/A1 | .087 | .09 |
| BDI | 22.77 (11.39) | 17.02 (9.87) | 6.29 | < .001 | .53 |
| BDI Item I | 0.68 (0.68) | 0.46 (0.66) | 3.94 | < .001 | .33 |
n sample size, SD Standard deviation, t t-Test, χ2 chi-square, p p-Value, d Cohen’s d, ϕ Cramer’s V, SAD Social anxiety disorder, SPIN Social phobia inventory, GAD Generalized anxiety disorder, PTSD Posttraumatic stress disorder, MDD Major depression disorder, APD Avoidant personality disorder, BDI Beck depression inventory, BDI Item I = 0”I do not have any thoughts of harming myself; 3”I would kill myself if I could”, TCI Temperament and character inventory, HA Harm avoidance, NS Novelty seeking, N/A not available
n (%) refers to % within respective cluster
* nominally significant p < .05
a significant p-values after Benjamini–Hochberg adjustment are in bold
b results refer to observed lifetime comorbidities