Table 3.
Predictors for Total Billed Amount for Distal Radius Fracture Surgery.
| n = 9029 (%) | Fractional estimate of change from baseline (95% CI) | SE | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | — | 0.1% (0.05% to 0.12%) | 0.002% | <.0001 |
| Females a | 6606 (73.2) | 0.5% (−0.6% to 1.7%) | 0.6% | .4782 |
| Anesthesia method b | ||||
| General | 6590 (73) | −12.6% (−15.0% to −10.3%) | 1.2% | <.0001 |
| Regional | 1512 (16.8) | −9.1% (−11.6% to −6.5%) | 1.3% | <.0001 |
| HOPD c | 7627 (84.5) | 28.3% (12.5% to 44.0%) | 8.04% | .0012 |
| Operation time (per minute) | — | 0.3% (0.2% to 0.3%) | 0.01% | <.0001 |
| Primary payer d | ||||
| Federal | 3007 (33.3) | −0.7% (−1.9% to 0.5%) | 0.6% | .3072 |
| Self-Pay | 500 (5.5) | −2.2% (−4.52% to 0.16%) | 1.19% | .1274 |
| Worker’s compensation | 539 (6) | −3.0% (−5.1% to −1.0%) | 1.05% | .0102 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥ 1 e | 1264 (14) | 1.6% (0.2% to 3.1%) | 0.73% | .055 |
| Race f | ||||
| Asian | 364 (4) | 0.2% (−2.4% to 2.8%) | 1.34% | .9133 |
| African-American | 361 (4) | 1.8% (−0.8% to 4.4%) | 1.31% | .2479 |
| Other | 957 (10.6) | 1.3% (−0.7% to 3.2%) | 1.02% | .3066 |
| Hispanic ethnicity g | 700 (7.8) | 0.8% (−1.5% to 3.1%) | 1.18% | .6043 |
| Procedure code categories | ||||
| Anticholinergic agent | 24 (0.3) | 7.8% (−1.5% to 17.0%) | 4.71% | .166 |
| Anticoagulant agent | 41 (0.5) | 7.2% (−1.0% to 15.4%) | 4.19% | .1555 |
| Anti-emetic agent | 3,356 (37.2) | −0.6% (−2.0% to 0.9%) | 0.75% | .5486 |
| Anti-histamine agent | 432 (4.8) | 1.9% (−0.6% to 4.34%) | 1.27% | .2119 |
| Anti-psychotic agent | 50 (0.6) | −4.4% (−10.9% to 2.1%) | 3.32% | .2688 |
| Benzodiazepine | 3,731 (41.3) | 6.1% (4.5% to 7.6%) | 0.79% | <.0001 |
| Electrocardiogram | 421 (4.7) | 0.2% (−2.2% to 2.6%) | 1.25% | .9133 |
| Functional assessment | 84 (0.9) | 3.9% (−1.5% to 9.3%) | 2.77% | .2479 |
| Imaging | 4948 (54.8) | 3.7% (2.2% to 5.2%) | 0.76% | <.0001 |
| Image guided procedure | 199 (2.2) | 9.8% (5.5% to 14.1%) | 2.21% | <.0001 |
| Immunization | 12 (0.1) | −11.3% (−24.4% to 1.8%) | 6.69% | .1591 |
| Bronchodilator | 48 (0.5) | 2.3% (−4.7% to 9.2%) | 3.52% | .6043 |
| IV fluids | 917 (10.2) | 10.1% (8.0% to 12.3%) | 1.1% | <.0001 |
| Labs | 1495 (16.6) | 1.9% (0.5% to 3.4%) | 0.74% | .0211 |
| Muscle relaxant | 159 (1.8) | −0.1% (−3.9% to 3.7%) | 1.96% | .9556 |
| Muscle strengthener | 170 (1.9) | 3.5% (−0.2% to 7.3%) | 1.91% | .1248 |
| Narcotic | 4615 (51.1) | 4.7% (3.0% to 6.3%) | 0.84% | <.0001 |
| Nonsteroid/narcotic | 1684 (18.7) | 1.8% (0.4% to 3.3%) | 0.74% | .0291 |
| External fixation | 71 (0.8) | 35.9% (30.1% to 41.8%) | 3% | <.0001 |
| Pre-op antibiotics | 3560 (39.4) | 2.4% (1.0% to 3.9%) | 0.73% | .0022 |
| Prophylaxis injection | 179 (2) | 2.0% (−3.7% to 7.8%) | 2.94% | .5986 |
| Pulse oximetry | 244 (2.7) | 3.8% (−2.4% to 10.0%) | 3.15% | .3067 |
| Recovery supplies | 169 (1.9) | 8.4% (1.2% to 15.5%) | 3.63% | .0455 |
| Sedation services | 43 (0.5) | 1.0% (−8.6% to 10.6%) | 4.91% | .9133 |
| Steroid | 1439 (15.9) | 6.6% (4.9% to 8.3%) | 0.87% | <.0001 |
| Surgical supplies | 5269 (58.4) | 16.2% (14.6% to 17.8%) | 0.82% | <.0001 |
| Ventilation | 58 (0.6) | 0.3% (−6.1% to 6.7%) | 3.27% | .9486 |
| Primary procedure code h | ||||
| CPT 25609 | 2664 (29.5) | 2.8% (1.5% to 4.2%) | 0.69% | .0001 |
| CPT 25608 | 3202 (35.5) | 0.2% (−1.1% to 1.4%) | 0.64% | .8759 |
| CPT 25606 | 528 (5.9) | −54.6% (−57.2% to −52.1%) | 1.3% | <.0001 |
Note. CI = confidence interval; HOPD = hospital outpatient department; Charlson Comorbidity Index = Charlson Comorbidity Index; CPT = Current Procedural Terminology; ASC = ambulatory surgery center.
a
Compared to males.
b
Compared to local anesthesia (with or without monitored anesthesia care).
c
Compared to ASC.
d
Compared to private primary insurance.
e
Compared to Charlson Comorbidity Index = 0.
f
Compared to white race.
g
Compared to non-Hispanic ethnicity.
h
Compared to CPT 25607.
The bold faced values are those that are statistically significant (i.e. p<0.05).