Table 1.
Overview of the different experimental parameters used in the studies
| Author (year) | Country | Charged particle | Accelerator facility or institution; location | Cell type | Cell origin | Initial energy | Average LET (keV/µm) | SOBP | Dose rate | Dose group | Combination therapy | Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wang 2019 | China | Carbon Ion | HIRFL; Lanzhou, China | LNCaP | Human | 80 ~ 100 MeV/u | NA | NA* | 1 Gy/min | 0.5, 4 Gy | NA | No IR |
| Konings 2019 | Belgium |
Carbon Ion And Proton |
GANIL; Caen, France iThemba LABS; Cape Town, South Africa |
PC-3 | Human |
95 MeV/u 200 MeV |
73 3.96 |
NA† 50 mm |
NA |
0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 Gy 0.25, 0.5, 2, 4, 6 Gy |
GANT61 | X ray |
| Srivastava 2018 | India | Carbon Ion | IUAC; New Delhi, India | PC-3 | Human | 7.08 MeV/u | NA | NA* | NA | 0, 2, 4 Gy | PNKPi | No IR |
| Butterworth 2012 | UK | Proton | MGH; Boston, USA | DU-145 | Human | 178 MeV | NA | 45 mm | NA | 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 Gy | NA | X ray |
| Khachonkham 2020 | Austria | Proton | NA | DU-145 | Human | 127.2–180.1 MeV | 1.9, 2.5, 4.1 (within SOBP); 1.0, 1.2 (before peak) | NA* | NA | 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6 Gy | NA | X ray |
| Tinganelli 2013 | Germany | Carbon Ion | GSI; Darmstadt, Germany | RAT-1 | Rodent | NA | 100, 150 | 10 mm | NA | NA | NA | X ray |
| Suetens 2016 | Belgium | Carbon Ion | GANIL; Caen, France | PC-3 | Human | 75 MeV/u | 33.7 | NA* | NA | 0, 0.5, 1, 2 Gy | NA | X ray |
| Polf 2011 | USA | Proton | NA | DU-145 | Human | 160 MeV | NA | 100 mm | NA | 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 Gy | Gold nanoparticles | X ray |
| Suetens 2015 | Belgium | Carbon Ion | GANIL; Caen, France | PC-3 | Human | 75 MeV/u | 33.7 | NA* | NA | 0, 0.5, 2.0 Gy | NA | X ray |
| Chen 2020 | China | Proton (Microbeam) | NIRS; Chiba, Japan | PC-3 | Human | 3.4 MeV | 11.7 | monoenergy | NA | 0, 100, 250, 500 protons | NA | No IR |
| Wang 2020 | China | Carbon Ion | HIRFL; Lanzhou, China | PC-3 | Human | 81 MeV/u | 32.54 | NA* | 2 Gy/min | 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 Gy | NA | X ray |
| Suetens 2014 | Belgium | Carbon Ion | GANIL; Caen, France | PC-3 | Human | 75 MeV/u | 33.7 | NA* | NA | 0, 0.5, 2.0 Gy | NA | X ray |
LET linear energy transfer, SOBP spread-out Bragg peak, IR irradiation, GANT61 GLI antagonist, PNKPi polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase inhibitor, NA not available
a Unspecifying monoenergy or multi-energy
b Multi-energy but without SOBP value