Table 4.

DDR/R of prostate cancer cells after carbon ion/proton irradiation

Author, year	Treatment	Outcome	Finds
Wang 2019	Carbon ion irradiation	Cell cycle checkpoints	↑miR‐16‐5p; G0-/G1-phase arrest
Srivastava 2018	Carbon ion irradiation + PNKPi	Cell cycle checkpoints Apoptosis	G2-/M-phase arrest Inducing the apoptosis through apoptotic body and nucleosomal DNA ladder formation
Suetens 2016	Carbon ion irradiation	DSB repair Cell cycle checkpoints	↑γ-H2AX foci numbers and foci occupancy Permanent G2-/M-phase arrest
Chen 2020	Proton irradiation	DSB repair	↑levels of γ-H2AX
Wang 2020	Carbon ion irradiation	DSB repair Cell cycle checkpoints Apoptosis	↑γ-H2AX foci numbers, lasting time and size G2-/M-phase arrest The rates of apoptosis were 27.34% and 37.93% after 2 and 4 Gy carbon ion irradiation, respectively (versus 14.1% and 23.59% following 2 and 4 Gy X-ray irradiation, respectively)

DDR/R DNA damage response and repair, PNKPi polynucleotide kinase/phosphatase inhibitor, DSB DNA double-strand break

↑, increase