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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Atherosclerosis. 2022 May 18;353:41–46. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.05.006

Table 1.

Characteristics of the MASALA study participants, 2010–2013 and 2016–2018.

Exam 1 n = 387 Exam 2 n = 387 p
Sex, male 286 (73.9)
Age, years 58.5 ± 9.0 62.8 ± 8.9 <0.001
Current smoker 20 (5.2) 17 (4.4) 0.61
Exercise, MET-min/week 1050 (420–1890) 1260 (443–2145) 0.08
BMI, kg/m2 25.9 ± 4.0 26.5 ± 4.2 0.05
Waist circumference, cm 94.3 ± 10.2 96.5 ± 10.6 0.003
Waist-Hip ratio 0.92 ± 0.07 0.94 ± 0.07 <0.001
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg 128 ± 16 131 ± 17 0.007
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg 75 ± 10 76 ± 9 0.03
Hypertensiona 205 (53.0) 250 (64.6) 0.001
Diabetesb 119 (30.7) 144 (37.2) 0.06
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL 108 ± 35 105 ± 37 0.18
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL 46 (39–56) 47 (38–56) 0.65
Triglycerides, mg/dL 121 (89–159) 119 (85–161) 0.59
Lp(a), mg/dL 16 (9–33)
Fasting glucose, mg/dL 106 ± 24 114 ± 24 <0.001
Fasting insulin, pmol/L 60.5 (41.0–94.3)
Statin medication use 144 (37.2) 171 (44.2) 0.05
CAC Agatston Score:
 0 102 (26.4) 0 <0.001
 1–100 155 (40.1) 186 (48.1)
 101–400 78 (20.2) 100 (25.8)
>400 52 (13.4) 101 (26.1)
Country of birth:
 Bangladesh 1 (0.3)
 India 334 (86.3)
 Pakistan 13 (3.4)
 Sri Lanka 5 (1.3)
 United States 7 (1.8)
 Other 27 (7.0)
Bachelor’s degree or higher 348 (89.9)
Family income ≥ $75,000 280 (74.5)
Years lived in United States 30.2 ± 11.1
First degree relative with history of myocardial infarction 188 (45.6)

Values are presented as n (%), mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range), as appropriate. BMI = body mass index, HDL = high-density lipoprotein, LDL = low-density lipoprotein, Lp(a) = lipoprotein(a), MET = metabolic equivalent of task.

a

Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg and/or use of an anti-hypertensive medication.

b

Diabetes was defined as fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL and/or 2-h post-challenge glucose ≥200 mg/dL and/or the use of an anti-diabetes medication.