Table 1.
Characteristics of the MASALA study participants, 2010–2013 and 2016–2018.
| Exam 1 n = 387 | Exam 2 n = 387 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex, male | 286 (73.9) | – | |
| Age, years | 58.5 ± 9.0 | 62.8 ± 8.9 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker | 20 (5.2) | 17 (4.4) | 0.61 |
| Exercise, MET-min/week | 1050 (420–1890) | 1260 (443–2145) | 0.08 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.9 ± 4.0 | 26.5 ± 4.2 | 0.05 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 94.3 ± 10.2 | 96.5 ± 10.6 | 0.003 |
| Waist-Hip ratio | 0.92 ± 0.07 | 0.94 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 128 ± 16 | 131 ± 17 | 0.007 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 75 ± 10 | 76 ± 9 | 0.03 |
| Hypertensiona | 205 (53.0) | 250 (64.6) | 0.001 |
| Diabetesb | 119 (30.7) | 144 (37.2) | 0.06 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 108 ± 35 | 105 ± 37 | 0.18 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 46 (39–56) | 47 (38–56) | 0.65 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 121 (89–159) | 119 (85–161) | 0.59 |
| Lp(a), mg/dL | 16 (9–33) | – | |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 106 ± 24 | 114 ± 24 | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin, pmol/L | 60.5 (41.0–94.3) | ||
| Statin medication use | 144 (37.2) | 171 (44.2) | 0.05 |
| CAC Agatston Score: | |||
| 0 | 102 (26.4) | 0 | <0.001 |
| 1–100 | 155 (40.1) | 186 (48.1) | |
| 101–400 | 78 (20.2) | 100 (25.8) | |
| >400 | 52 (13.4) | 101 (26.1) | |
| Country of birth: | |||
| Bangladesh | 1 (0.3) | ||
| India | 334 (86.3) | ||
| Pakistan | 13 (3.4) | ||
| Sri Lanka | 5 (1.3) | ||
| United States | 7 (1.8) | ||
| Other | 27 (7.0) | ||
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 348 (89.9) | ||
| Family income ≥ $75,000 | 280 (74.5) | ||
| Years lived in United States | 30.2 ± 11.1 | ||
| First degree relative with history of myocardial infarction | 188 (45.6) |
Values are presented as n (%), mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range), as appropriate. BMI = body mass index, HDL = high-density lipoprotein, LDL = low-density lipoprotein, Lp(a) = lipoprotein(a), MET = metabolic equivalent of task.
a
Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg and/or use of an anti-hypertensive medication.
b
Diabetes was defined as fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL and/or 2-h post-challenge glucose ≥200 mg/dL and/or the use of an anti-diabetes medication.