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. 2022 Dec 23;16:4385–4397. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S393816

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Chemical structures of compounds that attenuated ER stress as chemical chaperone and showed anti-diabetic activity. Many of them demonstrated anti-diabetic activity in vivo (4-PBA, t-UDCA, Azoramide, compound 5, 3-HNA, KM04794, compound 15). Note that Vildagliptin (7), a marketed anti-diabetic drug and DPP-4 inhibitor, showed chaperone activity to reduce ER stress.