TABLE 2.

Summary of vaccines development against APEC infection.

Antigensa	Immunity routeb	Challenge routeb	Outcome by homologous challengec	Outcome by heterologous challenged	References
Inactivated vaccine
O78	SC, IM, IP	IM or IV	Protective	Not protective	Deb and Harry, 1976
O2	SC, IM	SC	Protective	Not protective	Deb and Harry, 1978
O1	SC	Air sac	Protective	Not protective	Gyimah and Panigrahy, 1985
O1, O2, and O78	IM	N/A	Protective	N/T	Panigraphy et al., 1984
O2; O78	SC, SC	SC; SC	Protective	Protective; not protective	Melamed et al., 1991
O2, O78, and O35	SC	IT	Protective	Not protective	Rosenberger et al., 1985
Subunit vaccines
Aerobactin	IM	Aerosol	Protective	Not protective	Le Roy et al., 1995
IROMPs	IV	Air sac	Protective	N/T	Bolin and Jensen, 1987
SRP	SC	IV	Protective	Protective	Russo et al., 2003
Pilus	SC	Air sac	Protective	N/T	Gyimah and Panigrahy, 1985
FimA	IM	Air sac	Protective	Protective	van den Bosch et al., 1993
FimH	IM	Air sac or aerosol	Not protective	Not protective	Kariyawasam et al., 2002
PapG	IM	Air sac	Protective	Protective	Kariyawasam et al., 2002
IutA	IM	Air sac	Protective	Protective	Kariyawasam et al., 2002
Iss	IM	Air sac	Protective	Protective	Lynne et al., 2012
rOmpA and rFliC, recombinant GroEL	IM	Sterile water	Protective	Not protective	Bao et al., 2013
Live attenuated vaccines
Non-pathogenic E. coli O78	Aerosol	Aerosol	Not protective	N/T	Azeem et al., 2017
Non-pathogenic piliated E. coli (BT-7)	Aerosol, drinking water	IT	N/A	Protective	Ghunaim et al., 2014
ΔcarAB	IM	IM	N/A	Protective	Frommer et al., 1994
Δcya Δcrp	Oral	IT	Protective	N/T	Kwaga et al., 1994
Δcya Δcrp	Spray, Oral	IT	Protective	N/T	Roland et al., 1999
ΔgalE	Spray	Aerosol	Protective	N/T	Peighambari et al., 2002
DE17ΔaroAΔluxS	Spray	Aerosol	Protective	Not protective	Kariyawasam et al., 2004
ΔpurA	IM	Aerosol	Protective	Protective	Holden et al., 2014
ΔaroA	Spray	Aerosol	Not protective	Not protective	Kariyawasam et al., 2004
O78:K80	Spray	Aerosol	Protective	Not protective	Kariyawasam et al., 2004
Other vaccines
Bacterial ghost	Spray, IM	Air sacs, IM	Protective	Not protective	Ebrahimi-Nik et al., 2018; Hu et al., 2019
Salmonella delivery FimA, OmpC, O78	Oral gavage	IM or air sac	Protective	Protective	Han et al., 2018
Lactobacillus strains expressing PapA, PapG, IutA, CS31A	Intragastric	Oral	Protective	Not protective	Ma S. T. et al., 2018
Outer membrane vesicles	IM	Air sac	Protective	Not protective	Wang et al., 2019

^aSRP, siderophore receptor protein; IROMPs, iron-regulated outer membrane proteins; Iss, increased serum survival protein.

^bIV, intravenous; IM, intramuscular; SC, subcutaneous; IP, intraperitoneal; IT, intratracheal; N/A, not applicable or not available.

^cN/A, not applicable or not available.

^dN/T, not tested; N/A, not applicable or not available.