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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Mar 17.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2022 Mar 17;8(1):16. doi: 10.1038/s41572-022-00344-y

Figure 4: Food intake regulation.

Figure 4:

Different peptide hormones, including ghrelin, leptin and insulin, promoting hunger and satiety signals are directly secreted from the gastrointestinal tract and predominantly communicate with brain regions involved in homeostatic regulation and reward system functioning. Research on alterations in gut-brain communication in binge eating disorder (BED) is in its infancy; however, putative dysregulated peptide hormone functioning has been hypothesized to be associated with altered hunger-satiety signalling in individuals with BED.