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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Dec 27.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Neurosci. 2021 Aug 16;24(10):1356–1366. doi: 10.1038/s41593-021-00902-9

Figure 2: Improving the effective spatial fidelity of multiphoton holographic optogenetics.

Figure 2:

In the ‘naïve’ approach, any group of neurons is stimulated with equal light power sufficient to activate any of the target neurons, which results in off-target activation. To mitigate these undesired effects, opsin expression can be sparsened to reduce the number of off-targets (top right), only neurons strongly expressing opsins can be stimulated with lower light powers (middle right), or each neuron can receive the optimal light energy to maximize fidelity and reduce off-target stimulation (bottom right).