Table 5.
Risk of Bias Evaluation by Included Study
| Study | Randomization Process | Timing / recruitment for cluster randomized trial | Confounding | Selection of Participants | Classification of Interventions | Deviations from Intended Interventions | Missing Outcome Data | Measurement of the Outcome | Selection of Reported Results | Overall Bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Godfrey, 2020 | + | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | + | ? | ? | + | ? |
| Chong, 2018 | + | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | + | + | + | + | + |
| Hawkes, 2013 | + | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | + | ? | ? | + | ? |
| Hawkes, 2014 | + | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | + | ? | ? | + | ? |
| Makki, 2018 | N/A | N/A | - | + | + | + | + | + | + | - |
| Jolley, 2020 | + | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | + | ? | ? | + | ? |
| Branstetter-Rost, 2009 | + | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | + | + | + | + | + |
| Walseth-Hara, 2018 | + | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | + | + | + | + | + |
| Hulbert-Williams, 2017 | + | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | + | + | + | + | + |
| Moradi, 2019 | + | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ? | ? | ? | ? | - |
| Tol, 2018 | + | + | N/A | N/A | N/A | + | + | ? | ? | ? |
| Tol, 2020 | + | + | N/A | N/A | N/A | + | + | ? | + | ? |
| Zarling, 2019 | N/A | N/A | + | + | + | + | ? | + | + | ? |
| Van der Gucht, 2017 | + | + | N/A | N/A | N/A | + | + | ? | + | ? |
| Kasila, 2020 | N/A Qualitative Study | |||||||||
| Fowler, 2021 | N/A Only One Intervention Group | |||||||||
| Fung, 2018 | N/A Single Arm Study | |||||||||
| Hassinen, 2018 | N/A Single Arm Study | |||||||||
| Shaw, 2020 | N/A Single Arm Study | |||||||||
| March, 2020 | N/A Protocol Only | |||||||||
| Stapelfeldt 2015 | N/A Protocol Only | |||||||||
Note.
+
Low risk
?
Some concerns
-
High risk