Table 3.
Association analysis of LVMI changes over time between vitamin D group and placebo group.
| Variables at baseline | Placebo | Vitamin D | Mean difference | 95% CI | P † | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Lower | Upper | |||
| Group | 90.70 ± 16.73 | 87.49 ± 14.33 | 3.20 | −0.38 | 6.78 | 0.079 |
| Age | ||||||
| <45 years | 93.29 ± 19.55 | 87.06 ± 16.42 | 6.23 | −0.20 | 12.67 | 0.058 |
| ≥45 years | 88.17 ± 13.06 | 87.77 ± 12.97 | 0.40 | −3.59 | 4.40 | 0.842 |
| BMI | ||||||
| BMI <30 | 90.38 ± 13.57 | 87.75 ± 13.87 | 2.63 | −3.40 | 8.67 | 0.388 |
| BMI ≥30 | 90.60 ± 18.09 | 87.42 ± 14.54 | 3.18 | −1.29 | 7.65 | 0.162 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 83.42 ± 13.88 | 85.07 ± 13.74 | 1.65 | −6.07 | 2.78 | 0.464 |
| Male | 95.75 ± 16.74 | 92.19 ± 14.43 | 3.57 | −2.06 | 9.19 | 0.213 |
| Ever cigarette smoke | ||||||
| No | 88.33 ± 15.04 | 89.08 ± 14.17 | 0.75 | −6.30 | 4.81 | 0.790 |
| Yes | 92.43 ± 17.74 | 86.70 ± 14.42 | 5.73 | 1.04 | 10.42 | 0.017 |
| Ever alcohol use | ||||||
| No | 91.28 ± 18.42 | 88.26 ± 12.36 | 3.03 | −1.96 | 8.01 | 0.232 |
| Yes | 89.87 ± 14.94 | 86.63 ± 16.35 | 3.25 | −2.17 | 8.66 | 0.238 |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No | 91.17 ± 17.20 | 86.91 ± 14.72 | 4.26 | 0.35 | 8.18 | 0.033 |
| Yes | 84.99 ± 7.63 | 91.04 ± 11.38 | 6.05 | −13.63 | 1.53 | 0.114 |
| HTN history | ||||||
| <10 years | 89.47 ± 15.27 | 85.62 ± 14.85 | 3.85 | −1.08 | 8.78 | 0.125 |
| ≥10 years | 92.65 ± 15.90 | 89.10 ± 13.68 | 3.55 | −1.94 | 9.04 | 0.203 |
| Dietary vitamin D supplement | ||||||
| <Mean | 90.59 ± 16.56 | 87.57 ± 15.13 | 3.02 | −1.16 | 7.21 | 0.155 |
| ≥Mean | 91.05 ± 17.54 | 87.28 ± 11.91 | 3.77 | −3.31 | 10.85 | 0.291 |
| Dietary calcium | ||||||
| <Mean | 90.91 ± 17.19 | 87.51 ± 16.02 | 3.41 | −1.32 | 8.13 | 0.157 |
| ≥Mean | 90.28 ± 15.95 | 87.47 ± 10.76 | 2.80 | −2.55 | 8.15 | 0.301 |
| Supplemental vitamin D | ||||||
| No | 90.77 ± 17.48 | 88.00 ± 14.81 | 2.77 | −1.29 | 6.83 | 0.180 |
| Yes | 90.38 ± 13.34 | 84.25 ± 10.51 | 6.13 | −1.15 | 13.41 | 0.097 |
| Supplemental calcium | ||||||
| No | 92.02 ± 18.36 | 88.46 ± 14.78 | 3.56 | −1.00 | 8.11 | 0.125 |
| Yes | 88.58 ± 13.60 | 84.07 ± 12.23 | 4.52 | −1.27 | 10.30 | 0.124 |
| Serum calcium | ||||||
| <9 mg/dl | 89.90 ± 17.71 | 88.30 ± 15.67 | 1.60 | −4.55 | 7.74 | 0.607 |
| ≥9 mg/dl | 91.16 ± 16.21 | 86.92 ± 13.36 | 4.24 | −0.176 | 8.67 | 0.060 |
| Serum creatinine | ||||||
| <2 mg/dl | 90.70 ± 16.73 | 87.49 ± 14.33 | 3.20 | −0.38 | 6.78 | 0.079 |
| ≥2 mg/dl | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Serum potassium | ||||||
| ≤6 mmol/l | 90.70 ± 16.73 | 87.61 ± 14.48 | 3.08 | −0.54 | 6.71 | 0.095 |
| >6 mmol/l | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Serum glucose | ||||||
| ≤99 mg/dl | 91.72 ± 17.60 | 85.19 ± 13.44 | 6.53 | 1.74 | 11.32 | 0.008 |
| > 99 mg/dl | 89.23 ± 15.41 | 90.43 ± 14.99 | 1.20 | −6.56 | 4.16 | 0.658 |
| eGFR | ||||||
| <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| ≥60 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 90.70 ± 16.73 | 87.49 ± 14.33 | 3.20 | −0.38 | 6.78 | 0.079 |
| PTH | ||||||
| <65 pg/ml | 89.30 ± 14.03 | 88.38 ± 14.42 | 0.92 | −3.26 | 5.11 | 0.664 |
| ≥65 pg/ml | 93.12 ± 20.50 | 86.27 ± 14.24 | 6.85 | 0.38 | 13.33 | 0.038 |
| Aldosterone | ||||||
| <15 ng/dl | 89.75 ± 15.41 | 86.98 ± 13.97 | 2.77 | −0.76 | 6.30 | 0.124 |
| ≥15 ng/dl | 99.60 ± 26.46 | 94.24 ± 17.99 | 5.36 | −14.70 | 25.43 | 0.585 |
| Plasma renin | ||||||
| <1 ng/ml/h | 91.55 ± 16.12 | 87.63 ± 14.69 | 3.92 | −0.64 | 8.48 | 0.092 |
| ≥1 ng/ml/h | 90.42 ± 17.71 | 87.34 ± 13.93 | 3.08 | −3.07 | 9.23 | 0.323 |
| ARR | ||||||
| <25 | 90.52 ± 17.77 | 85.75 ± 13.13 | 4.77 | 0.81 | 8.73 | 0.019 |
| ≥25 | 91.60 ± 10.19 | 95.61 ± 17.02 | 4.01 | −11.87 | 3.85 | 0.310 |
| uACR | ||||||
| <30 | 92.45 ± 16.22 | 87.05 ± 13.65 | 5.40 | 1.10 | 9.70 | 0.014 |
| ≥30 | 85.88 ± 19.21 | 89.09 ± 15.34 | 3.20 | −11.26 | 4.86 | 0.431 |
| BUN | ||||||
| ≤20 mg/dl | 89.25 ± 15.43 | 87.30 ± 14.50 | 1.95 | −1.64 | 5.54 | 0.285 |
| >20 mg/dl | 105.32 ± 22.37 | 90.34 ± 6.95 | 14.98 | −1.12 | 31.08 | 0.067 |
Bold text represents values that are statistically significant with P < 0.05.
Note: Long data format. Abbreviations: ARR, aldosterone/renin ratio; BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CI, confidence interval; Cr, creatinine; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HTN, hypertension; LVM, left ventricular mass; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; PTH, parathyroid hormone; SBP, systolic blood pressure; uACR, urine albumin/creatinine ratio.
†Independent-sample t-test 2-sided P value.