Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Control subjects (n = 69) | IpcPH (n = 55) | CpcPH (n = 40) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 60 ± 13 | 64 ± 11 | 71 ± 13*,** | 0.0002 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 41 (59%) | 30 (55%) | 24 (60%) | 0.8 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.2 ± 5.7 | 34.8 ± 8.3* | 31.7 ± 8.4 | 0.0002 |
| Obesity | 29 (42%) | 39 (71%) | 19 (48%) | 0.004 |
| HFpEF/HFrEF/VHD | — | 46/6/3 | 26/8/6 | 0.1 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Coronary disease | 18 (26%) | 17 (31%) | 10 (25%) | 0.8 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 7 (10%) | 16 (29%) | 18 (45%) | 0.0002 |
| Hypertension | 60 (87%) | 52 (95%) | 35 (88%) | 0.3 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 3 (4%) | 22 (40%) | 28 (70%) | <0.0001 |
| Medications, n (%) | ||||
| ACEI or ARB | 15 (22%) | 20 (36%) | 22 (55%) | 0.002 |
| β-Blocker | 22 (32%) | 23 (42%) | 29 (73%) | 0.0002 |
| Loop diuretic | 15 (22%) | 23 (42%) | 31 (78%) | <0.0001 |
| Laboratories | ||||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.2 ± 1.6 | 12.9 ± 1.5 | 12.5 ± 1.9 | 0.1 |
| Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 69 ± 17 | 68 ± 20 | 53 ± 16*,** | <0.0001 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 62 (39, 188) | 363 (90, 890)* | 1576 (939, 2766)*,** | <0.0001 |
| Cardiac structure and function | ||||
| LA volume index (mL/m2) | 26 (21, 34) | 34 (27, 48)* | 46 (36, 60)*,** | <0.0001 |
| LA reservoir strain (%) | 32.0 ± 8.7 | 22.6 ± 9.0* | 12.9 ± 6.5*,** | <0.0001 |
| LA booster strain (%) | 15.7 ± 5.7 | 11.4 ± 4.9* | 4.9 ± 3.1*,** | <0.0001 |
| LVEF (%) | 60 ± 6 | 58 ± 11 | 55 ± 14* | 0.03 |
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 81 ± 19 | 95 ± 31 | 102 ± 33* | 0.003 |
| Septal e′ (cm/s) | 7.3 ± 2.1 | 7.4 ± 2.6 | 5.3 ± 1.7*,** | <0.0001 |
| Lateral e′ (cm/s) | 10.0 ± 2.5 | 9.0 ± 3.0* | 7.3 ± 2.6*,** | <0.0001 |
| E/e′ ratio | 9 (8, 12) | 11 (9, 16)* | 18 (13, 25)*,** | <0.0001 |
| RV basal dimension (mm) | 35 ± 6 | 42 ± 9* | 45 ± 9* | <0.0001 |
| RV mid cavity dimension (mm) | 29 ± 10 | 33 ± 9 | 34 ± 9 | 0.04 |
| RV longitudinal dimension (mm) | 71 ± 11 | 76 ± 10 | 77 ± 11* | 0.02 |
| RV GLS (%) | 19.1 ± 3.5 | 16.3 ± 4.6* | 14.1 ± 3.4*,** | <0.0001 |
| RV FWLS (%) | 21.6 ± 5.0 | 20.8 ± 6.4 | 17.6 ± 5.0*,** | 0.007 |
| RA reservoir strain (%) | 36.4 ± 10.2 | 24.7 ± 13.0* | 12.1 ± 8.8*,** | <0.0001 |
| RA booster strain (%) | 17.4 ± 5.8 | 13.4 ± 5.2* | 6.3 ± 4.5*,** | <0.0001 |
| Moderate or greater TR, n (%) | 1 (1) | 5 (9) | 17 (43) | <0.0001 |
| Moderate or greater MR, n (%) | 0 (0) | 5 (9) | 8 (20) | 0.0009 |
| Pulmonary function test | ||||
| FVC (% predicted) (n = 81) | 98 ± 20 | 84 ± 15* | 78 ± 16* | <0.0001 |
| FEV1 (% predicted) (n = 81) | 95 ± 20 | 80 ± 16* | 72 ± 16* | <0.0001 |
| FEV1/FVC ratio (%) (n = 93) | 76 ± 7 | 74 ± 8 | 73 ± 7 | 0.2 |
| DLCO (mL/min*mmHg) (n = 91) | 20 ± 5 | 18 ± 5 | 12 ± 5*,** | <0.0001 |
| Probability of HFpEF | ||||
| H2FPEF score | 2 (1, 3) | 5 (3, 5)* | 7 (6, 8)*,** | <0.0001 |
| HFA-PEFF score | 2 (0, 2) | 4 (2, 6)* | 6 (5, 6)*,** | <0.0001 |
Data are mean ± SD, median (interquartile range), or n (%). Final column reflects overall group differences.
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CpcPH, combined post- and pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension; DLCO, diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide; EF, ejection fraction; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1s; FVC, forced vital capacity; FWLS, free wall longitudinal strain; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; GLS, global longitudinal strain; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; IpcPH, isolated post-capillary pulmonary hypertension; LA, left atrial; LHD, left heart disease; LV, left ventricular; MR, mitral regurgitation; NT-pro BNP, N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; RA, right atrial; RV, right ventricular; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; VHD, valvular heart disease.
*P < 0.05 vs. controls, **P < 0.05 vs. IpcPH groups.