Fig. 10.

mIF data from bladder biopsies collected pre- and post-LSAM-DTX therapy in a BCG-naïve high-risk NMIBC patient who had no prior TURBT procedures. Patient had complete response (CR) at 12 months and showed increases in post-LSAM-DTX density of a adaptive and b innate immune cells including increases in the immune checkpoint inhibitor targets PD-1 (increased on CD4⁺ helper T, CD8⁺ cytotoxic T), PD-L1 (increased on Treg, macrophages, and PanCK.⁺ cells), and CTLA-4 (increased on Treg) compared to pre-LSAM-DTX (collected at TURBT). (c–e) Representative color overlays of ROI from post-LSAM-DTX tumor biopsy showing high density of effector T cells in the TME. Cells are stained as follows: c yellow = helper t cells (CD3 + CD4 +), magenta = cytotoxic T cells (CD3 + CD8 +), light blue = PanCK + tumor and bladder cells; d white arrows show examples of T reg cells; green = CD4 + , magenta = FoxP3 + , dark blue = CD8 + , light blue = PanCK + tumor and bladder cells; e white arrows show examples of T reg cells expressing CTLA-4; green = CD4 + , lavender = FoxP3 + , red = CTLA-4 + , dark blue = CD8 + , light blue = PanCK = cells. Adapted with permission from [12]