Table 5.
Freezers vs non-freezers demographics and assessment results
| Non-freezers (n = 33) |
Freezers (n = 17) |
|
|---|---|---|
| Sex (female/male) | 11/22 | 9/8 |
| Age at enrollment (years) | 66.7 ± 10.2 | 64.1 ± 7.1 |
| Disease duration (years) | 7.3 ± 4.1 | 12.9 ± 6.7 # |
| Hoehn & Yahr stage | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 2.2 ± 0.5 # |
| Modified motor UPDRS | 12.0 ± 6.4 | 13.5 ± 6.6 |
| Modified total UPDRS | 21.3 ± 9.1 | 29.1 ± 11.9 # |
| MoCA score | 25.9 ± 3.0 | 26.5 ± 2.6 |
| N-FOG-Q score | – | 14.2 ± 6.5 |
| PDQ-39 | 19.7 ± 12.2 | 42.7 ± 27.0 # |
| RBD-Q | 4.6 ± 3.0 | 5.7 ± 3.3 |
| Epworth Sleepiness Scale | 7.5 ± 4.3 | 8.1 ± 6.2 |
| Daily levodopa dose (mg) | 613 ± 338 | 794 ± 241 # |
| On agonist/MAO-I | 27%/42% | 29%/35% |
| Mean 10 ft TUG time (s) | 11.5 ± 2.6 | 12.8 ± 3.8 |
| Vitals | n = 26 | n = 14 |
| Mean seated BP, HR | 123/77, 76 | 123/78, 76 |
| Mean standing BP, HR | 122/80, 81 | 124/84, 81 |
| % orthostatic on BP | 0% | 14% |
| % orthostatic on HR | 8% | 8% |
| Spiral analysis | ||
| Disease MA spiral height (cm) | 4.9 ± 1.2 | 4.5 ± 0.9 |
| Disease MA spiral width (cm) | 5.5 ± 1.7 | 4.9 ± 1.2 |
| Disease MA spiral area (cm2) | 22.3 ± 10.7 | 18.3 ± 7.1 |
| Disease MA spiral pen travel dist. (cm) | 39.1 ± 11.7 | 35.3 ± 12.4 |
| Voice analysis | n = 33 | n = 16 |
| Ahh sound duration (s) | 3.9 ± 2.1 | 3.5 ± 1.0 |
| Ahh sound f0 mean (Hz) | 172.9 ± 43.6 | 192.7 ± 45.9 |
| Ahh sound f0 standard deviation (Hz) | 8.0 ± 13.0 | 11.1 ± 14.4 |
| Ahh sound local Jitter (%) | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.3 |
| Ahh sound local Shimmer (%) | 6.7 ± 2.8 | 6.7 ± 1.8 |
| Ahh sound HNR | 17.3 ± 3.9 | 18.4 ± 2.4 |
| n = 32 | n = 16 | |
| Rainbow passage (RP) duration (s) | 128.0 ± 33.3 | 150.3 ± 53.0 |
| RP f0 mean (Hz) | 155.4 ± 37.8 | 179.4 ± 42.0 |
| RP f0 standard deviation (Hz) | 33.5 ± 15.6 | 44.8 ± 23.2 |
| RP local Jitter (%) | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 0.6 # , ^ |
| RP local Shimmer (%) | 11.6 ± 1.8 | 11.5 ± 1.4 |
| RP HNR | 12.2 ± 2.6 | 12.8 ± 1.7 |
Abbreviations: BP: blood pressure; HNR: harmonics to noise ratio; HR: heart rate; MAO-I: monoamine oxidase inhibitors; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; N-FOG-Q: New Freezing of gait questionnaire; PDQ-39: Parkinson’s disease Quality of Life questionnaire-39; RBD-Q: REM sleep disorder questionnaire; TUG: Timed-up-and-go; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.
#
p < 0.05 between freezers and non-freezers by Mann-Whitney U-test.
^
Not significant after Benjamini-Hochberg correction.